The conceptual evolution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) from being seen as a simple metabolic cofactor to a pivotal cosubstrate for proteins regulating metabolism and longevity, including the sirtuin family of protein deacylases, has led to a new wave of scientific interest in NAD⁺. NAD⁺ levels decline during ageing, and alterations in NAD⁺ homeostasis can be found in virtually all age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes and cancer. In preclinical settings, various strategies to increase NAD⁺ levels have shown beneficial effects, thus starting a competitive race to discover marketable NAD⁺ boosters to improve healthspan and lifespan. Here, we review the basics of NAD⁺ biochemistry and metabolism, and its roles in health and disease, and we discuss current challenges and the future translational potential of NAD⁺ research.

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD ⁺）的概念演变，从单纯的代谢辅因子到调节代谢和长寿蛋白（包括瑟土因蛋白脱酰基酶家族）的关键共底物，引起了对NAD ⁺的新一波科学兴趣。。NAD ⁺水平在衰老过程中会下降，几乎所有与年龄相关的疾病（包括神经退行性疾病，糖尿病和癌症）中都可以发现NAD ⁺稳态的改变。在临床前环境中，各种增加NAD ⁺水平的策略均显示出有益的效果，因此开始了竞争，以寻找可销售的NAD ⁺增强健康和寿命的助推器。在这里，我们回顾了NAD ⁺生物化学和代谢的基础知识及其在健康和疾病中的作用，并讨论了NAD ⁺研究的当前挑战和未来的翻译潜力。