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Can halloysite nanotubes be used to remediate zinc and lead-contaminated marine clay? A solidification/stabilization approach
Applied Clay Science ( IF 5.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2020.105441
Endene Emmanuel , Lee Li Yong , Vivi Anggraini , Pooria Pasbakhsh

Abstract This paper presents details of an experimental study employing the solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique to treat zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) contaminated marine clay using two types of halloysite nanotubes [Matauri Bay (MB-Hal) and Dragonite (DG-Hal)]. To this end, an extensive laboratory-testing matrix was developed to investigate the effects of MB-Hal and DG-Hal contents (2, 4, 6, and 8% by mass of dry clay) and Zn and Pb concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2% by mass of dry clay) on the engineering properties of the clay, including, grading characteristics, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and secant modulus. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed to gain an insight into the mechanisms responsible for the changes in engineering properties of the contaminated-stabilized clay. In addition, descriptive statistics were employed to better assess the effect of MB-Hal and DG-Hal treatments on the strength development. The findings reveal that 6% MB-Hal and DG-Hal content was optimal in improving the UCS for the uncontaminated clay. The level of Zn and Pb concentrations were found to have considerable influence on the engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of the stabilized clay. MB-Hal and DG-Hal improve the UCS of the contaminated clay up to 1% Zn and Pb concentrations; beyond that, the UCS decreased. A comparison of the two treatment materials reveals that DG-Hal treatment is more effective than MB-Hal treatment in improving the strength properties of the contaminated clay. SEM analysis further shows that the stabilization process modified the porous network of the clay as the pores of the clay were filled by the halloysite nanoparticles. The findings suggest that both MB-Hal and DG-Hal can be effectively used as sustainable S/S agents for contaminated soft soils.

中文翻译:

埃洛石纳米管能否用于修复受锌和铅污染的海洋粘土?固化/稳定方法

摘要 本文详细介绍了使用固化/稳定 (S/S) 技术处理锌 (Zn) 和铅 (Pb) 污染的海洋粘土,使用两种类型的埃洛石纳米管 [Matauri Bay (MB-Hal) 和 Dragonite (DG-Hal)]。为此,开发了一个广泛的实验室测试矩阵来研究 MB-Hal 和 DG-Hal 含量(干粘土质量的 2%、4%、6% 和 8%)以及 Zn 和 Pb 浓度(0.5、1和 2% 的干粘土质量)对粘土工程特性的影响,包括级配特性、阿特伯格极限、压实特性、无侧限抗压强度 (UCS) 和割线模量。此外,进行了 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 测试,以深入了解导致污染稳定粘土工程性质变化的机制。此外,使用描述性统计来更好地评估 MB-Hal 和 DG-Hal 处理对强度发展的影响。研究结果表明,6% 的 MB-Hal 和 DG-Hal 含量对于改善未受污染粘土的 UCS 是最佳的。发现锌和铅的浓度水平对稳定粘土的工程性质和微观结构特征有相当大的影响。MB-Hal 和 DG-Hal 将污染粘土的 UCS 提高到 1% 的 Zn 和 Pb 浓度;除此之外,UCS 下降了。两种处理材料的比较表明,DG-Hal 处理比 MB-Hal 处理更有效地提高污染粘土的强度性能。SEM 分析进一步表明,稳定过程改变了粘土的多孔网络,因为粘土的孔隙被埃洛石纳米颗粒填充。研究结果表明,MB-Hal 和 DG-Hal 都可以有效地用作受污染软土的可持续 S/S 剂。
更新日期:2020-03-01
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