Strong and ongoing artificial selection in domestic animals has resulted in amazing phenotypic responses that benefit humans, but often at a cost to an animal's health, and problems related to inbreeding depression, including a higher incidence of cancer. Despite high rates of cancer in domesticated species, little attention has been devoted to exploring the hypothesis that persistent artificial selection may also favour the evolution of compensatory anticancer defences. Indeed, there is evidence for effective anti‐cancer defences found in several domesticated species associated with different cancer types. We also suggest that artificial selection can favour the “domestication” of inherited oncogenic mutations in rare instances, retaining those associated to late and/or less aggressive cancers, and that by studying these seemingly rare anticancer adaptations, novel cancer treatments may be found.

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驯化物种对癌症的罕见和独特的适应性：未开发的资源？

在家畜中进行强而持续的人工选择已经产生了令人类受益的惊人的表型反应，但往往以牺牲动物的健康为代价，并带来了与近交性抑郁症相关的问题，包括更高的癌症发病率。尽管在驯养物种中癌症的发生率很高，但很少有人致力于探索这一假设，即持续的人工选择也可能有助于代偿性抗癌防御的发展。确实，在与不同癌症类型相关的几种驯化物种中发现了有效的抗癌防御能力的证据。我们还建议，在极少数情况下，人工选择可以促进遗传突变的“驯化”，保留那些与晚期和/或侵袭性较低的癌症相关的突变，