Canada is one of the largest wheat producers in the world, and wheat is grown over an area spanning most of the southern latitudes, with the prairie region (provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba) being the main producer. Several pathogens and pests attack wheat, but at present fusarium head blight (FHB), stripe rust, and leaf spots are the most damaging diseases to wheat production in Canada. Historically, smuts, stem rust, and leaf rust caused major crop losses in Canada and can still pose serious threat if management practices are relaxed. Cropping practices used by Canadian farmers to grow and harvest wheat over the last century have influenced disease development and pathogen biology, affecting the severity, incidence, and prevalence of crop diseases over time. Changes such as reduced tillage coincide with emergence of residue‐borne diseases, such as FHB and leaf spots, while the deployment of resistant cultivars and increased fungicide use has resulted in the reduction of common bunt, stem, and leaf rust. This review will discuss the influence of long‐term cropping practices, alone or in combination, on the biology, emergence, and prevalence of wheat diseases in Canada over the last century.

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大草原上的小麦疾病：加拿大的故事

加拿大是世界上最大的小麦生产国之一，小麦生长在大部分南部纬度地区，其中大草原地区（萨斯喀彻温省，艾伯塔省和曼尼托巴省）为主要生产国。几种病原体和病虫害侵袭小麦，但目前加拿大镰刀菌病，条纹锈病和叶斑病是对小麦生产造成的最大破坏性疾病。从历史上看，黑穗病，茎锈病和叶锈病在加拿大造成了严重的农作物损失，如果放宽管理做法，仍可能构成严重威胁。在过去的一个世纪中，加拿大农民用于种植和收割小麦的耕作方法影响了疾病的发展和病原体的生物学，并随着时间的推移影响了农作物疾病的严重性，发病率和患病率。耕作减少等变化与残留传播的疾病（例如FHB和叶斑病）的出现相吻合，而抗性品种的部署和杀真菌剂的使用增加则导致了普通bun，茎和叶锈病的减少。这篇综述将讨论长期耕作方式（单独或组合使用）对上个世纪加拿大小麦疾病的生物学，发生和流行的影响。