Abstract The expansion and intensification of agriculture are the main causes of current insect declines. Pollinators like cavity-nesting bees can be limited by reduced nesting and feeding opportunities in farmland. As insects constitute the bulk of terrestrial biodiversity and fulfill important ecological functions, there is an urgent need to identify ways to combine agricultural land use and insect conservation. Perennial crops like grapevine can provide permanent habitats for numerous beneficial organisms including various pollinators. With their dominating character in viticultural areas and >7 million ha covered by vines globally, their potential to contribute to nature conservation should be more widely considered. We compared effects of organic management, inter-row vegetation characteristics and landscape parameters on the abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees in Central German vineyards. In a paired study design, we assessed cavity-nesting bees in 15 pairs of organically and conventionally managed vineyards along a gradient of landscape complexity. We found that organic management, even though it enhanced flower availability in the vineyards, was only partially beneficial for cavity-nesting bee abundance. Abundance and species richness were enhanced by either semi-natural habitat area or proximity of woody elements like hedges or forest remnants, most likely due to the nesting demands of this particular group of pollinators. We conclude that vineyards can help to sustain cavity-nesting bee abundance, given that landscapes are managed accordingly. We recommend maintaining or establishing woody elements between vineyards, which is likely to also benefit additional groups of organisms such as breeding birds in viticultural landscapes.

中文翻译：

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栖息地和连通性比有机管理更支持葡萄园中的空巢蜜蜂

摘要 农业的扩张和集约化是当前昆虫数量减少的主要原因。像空巢蜜蜂这样的传粉媒介可能会因农田筑巢和觅食机会的减少而受到限制。由于昆虫构成了陆地生物多样性的主体并具有重要的生态功能，因此迫切需要找到将农业用地与昆虫保护相结合的方法。像葡萄藤这样的多年生作物可以为包括各种传粉媒介在内的众多有益生物提供永久栖息地。由于它们在葡萄栽培区占据主导地位，全球葡萄藤覆盖面积超过 700 万公顷，因此应该更广泛地考虑它们为自然保护做出贡献的潜力。我们比较了有机管理的效果，德国中部葡萄园空巢蜂丰度和物种丰富度的行间植被特征和景观参数。在配对研究设计中，我们沿着景观复杂性的梯度评估了 15 对有机和常规管理的葡萄园中的空巢蜜蜂。我们发现有机管理，即使它提高了葡萄园的花卉供应，也只是部分有益于空巢蜂的丰度。半自然栖息地或靠近树篱或森林残余物等木质元素，这很可能是由于这一特定传粉媒介群体的筑巢需求，从而增强了丰富度和物种丰富度。我们得出的结论是，鉴于对景观进行了相应的管理，葡萄园可以帮助维持空巢蜂的数量。