As the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is increased to as high over 25%, it becomes pre-eminent to study a scalable process with wide processing window to fabricate large-area uniform perovskite films with good light-trapping performance. A stable and uniform intermediate-state complex film is obtained by using tetramethylene sulfoxide (TMSO), which extends the annealing window to as long as 20 min, promotes the formation of a high-quality perovskite film with larger grains (over 400 nm) and spontaneously forms the surface texture to result in an improved fill factor and open-circuit voltage (V oc). Moreover, the superior surface texture significantly increases the long-wavelength response, leading to an improved short-circuit current density (J sc). As a result, the maximum PCE of 21.14% is achieved based on a simple planar cell structure without any interface passivation. Moreover, a large area module with active area of 6.75 cm2 is assembled using the optimized TMSO process, showing efficiency as high as 16.57%. The study paves the way to the rational design of highly efficient PSCs for potential scaled-up production.

中文翻译：

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通过中间态工程实现高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的卓越纹理薄膜和工艺容差。

随着钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的功率转换效率（PCE）提高到25％以上，研究具有宽加工窗口的可扩展工艺来制造具有良好光性能的大面积均匀钙钛矿薄膜变得至关重要。诱捕性能。采用四亚甲基亚砜（TMSO）获得了稳定均匀的中间态复合薄膜，将退火窗口延长至长达20 min，促进了较大晶粒（超过400 nm）的高质量钙钛矿薄膜的形成，自发形成表面纹理，从而提高填充因子和开路电压 (V oc)。此外，优异的表面纹理显着增加了长波长响应，从而提高了短路电流密度（J sc）。结果，在没有任何界面钝化的简单平面电池结构的基础上实现了21.14%的最大PCE。此外，采用优化的TMSO工艺组装有效面积为6.75 cm2的大面积组件，效率高达16.57%。该研究为合理设计高效PSC以实现潜在的规模化生产铺平了道路。