Over the last decade, scientists have dreamed about the development of a bioresorbable technology that exploits a new class of electrical, optical, and sensing components able to operate in physiological conditions for a prescribed time and then disappear, being made of materials that fully dissolve in vivo with biologically benign byproducts upon external stimulation. The final goal is to engineer these components into transient implantable systems that directly interact with organs, tissues, and biofluids in real-time, retrieve clinical parameters, and provide therapeutic actions tailored to the disease and patient clinical evolution, and then biodegrade without the need for device-retrieving surgery that may cause tissue lesion or infection. Here, the major results achieved in bioresorbable technology are critically reviewed, with a bottom-up approach that starts from a rational analysis of dissolution chemistry and kinetics, and biocompatibility of bioresorbable materials, then moves to in vivo performance and stability of electrical and optical bioresorbable components, and eventually focuses on the integration of such components into bioresorbable systems for clinically relevant applications. Finally, the technology readiness levels (TRLs) achieved for the different bioresorbable devices and systems are assessed, hence the open challenges are analyzed and future directions for advancing the technology are envisaged.

中文翻译：

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生物可吸收材料的兴起：从电子元件和物理传感器到体内监测系统。

在过去的十年中，科学家们一直梦想着开发一种生物可吸收技术，该技术利用一种新型的电气、光学和传感组件，能够在生理条件下运行指定的时间，然后消失，由完全溶解在水中的材料制成。在外部刺激下体内产生生物良性副产物。最终目标是将这些组件设计成瞬时可植入系统，直接与器官、组织和生物体液实时相互作用，检索临床参数，并提供适合疾病和患者临床演变的治疗作用，然后无需生物降解用于可能导致组织损伤或感染的装置回收手术。在这里，采用自下而上的方法对生物可吸收技术取得的主要成果进行了批判性的回顾，从生物可吸收材料的溶解化学和动力学以及生物相容性的合理分析开始，然后转向电学和光学生物可吸收材料的体内性能和稳定性组件，并最终专注于将这些组件集成到临床相关应用的生物可吸收系统中。最后，评估了不同生物可吸收设备和系统所达到的技术准备水平（TRL），从而分析了开放的挑战并展望了技术进步的未来方向。