Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer death for males in western countries. The current gold standard for PCa diagnosis - template needle biopsies - often does not convey a true representation of the molecular profile given sampling error and complex tumour heterogeneity. Presently available biomarker blood tests have limited accuracy. There is a growing demand for novel diagnostic approaches to reduce both the number of men with an abnormal PSA/ DRE who undergo invasive biopsy and the number of cores collected per biopsy. 'Liquid biopsy' is a minimally invasive biofluid-based approach that has the potential to provide information and improve the accuracy of diagnosis for patients' treatment selection, prognostic counselling and development of risk-adjusted follow-up protocols. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles released by tumour cells which may provide a real-time snapshot of the entire tumour in a non-invasive way. EVs can regulate physiological processes and mediate systemic dissemination of various types of cancers. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs have crucial roles in PCa development and metastasis. Most importantly, EVs are directly derived from their parent cells with their information. EVs contain components including proteins, mRNAs, DNA fragments, non-coding RNAs and lipids, and play a critical role in intercellular communication. Therefore, EVs hold promise for the discovery of liquid biopsy-based biomarkers for PCa diagnosis. Here, we review the current approaches for EV isolation and analysis, summarise the recent advances in EV protein biomarkers in PCa and focus on liquid biopsy-based EV biomarkers in PCa diagnosis for personalised medicine.

前列腺癌（PCa）是西方国家男性癌症死亡的主要原因。鉴于采样误差和复杂的肿瘤异质性，目前 PCa 诊断的黄金标准 - 模板针活检 - 通常不能真实地表达分子特征。目前可用的生物标志物血液测试的准确性有限。人们对新型诊断方法的需求不断增长，以减少接受侵入性活检的 PSA/DRE 异常男性数量以及每次活检收集的核心数量。“液体活检”是一种基于生物流体的微创方法，有可能为患者的治疗选择、预后咨询和制定风险调整的后续方案提供信息并提高诊断的准确性。细胞外囊泡（EV）是肿瘤细胞释放的脂质双层界定的颗粒，可以以非侵入性方式提供整个肿瘤的实时快照。EVs 可以调节生理过程并介导各种类型癌症的系统传播。新的证据表明 EV 在 PCa 的发展和转移中发挥着至关重要的作用。最重要的是，电动汽车直接源自其母细胞及其信息。EV 含有蛋白质、mRNA、DNA 片段、非编码 RNA 和脂质等成分，在细胞间通讯中发挥着关键作用。因此，EV 有望发现用于 PCa 诊断的基于液体活检的生物标志物。在这里，我们回顾了当前 EV 分离和分析的方法，总结了 PCa 中 EV 蛋白生物标志物的最新进展，并重点关注基于液体活检的 EV 生物标志物在 PCa 诊断中的个性化医疗。