Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly aggressive primary brain tumors. Complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the sustained growth, proliferation, and invasion of GBM. Several means of intercellular communication have been documented between glioma cells and the TME, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs carry functional genomic and proteomic cargo from their parental cells and deliver that information to surrounding and distant recipient cells to modulate their behavior. EVs are emerging as crucial mediators of establishment and maintenance of the tumor by modulating the TME into a tumor promoting system. Herein we review recent literature in the context of GBM TME and the means by which EVs modulate tumor proliferation, reprogram metabolic activity, induce angiogenesis, escape immune surveillance, acquire drug resistance and undergo invasion. Understanding the multifaceted roles of EVs in the niche of GBM TME will provide invaluable insights into understanding the biology of GBM and provide functional insights into the dynamic EV-mediated intercellular communication during gliomagenesis, creating new opportunities for GBM diagnostics and therapeutics.

中文翻译：

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胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤微环境中的细胞外囊泡。

胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是高度侵袭性的原发性脑肿瘤。复杂而动态的肿瘤微环境（TME）在GBM的持续生长，增殖和入侵中起着至关重要的作用。胶质瘤细胞和TME之间已经记录了几种细胞间通讯的方式，包括生长因子，细胞因子，趋化因子以及细胞外囊泡（EVs）。电动汽车从其亲代细胞携带功能基因组和蛋白质组货物，并将该信息传递至周围和远处的受体细胞以调节其行为。电动汽车通过将TME调节到肿瘤促进系统中，逐渐成为建立和维持肿瘤的重要介质。本文中，我们回顾了GBM TME和EV调节肿瘤增殖，重新编程代谢活性，诱导血管生成，逃避免疫监视，获得耐药性并遭受侵袭。了解电动汽车在GBM TME利基市场中的多面性作用，将为了解GBM生物学提供宝贵的见解，并为神经胶质瘤形成过程中动态EV介导的细胞间动态交流提供功能性见解，为GBM诊断和治疗创造新的机会。