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Anabolic androgenic steroid dependence is associated with executive dysfunction.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-17 , DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107874
Lisa E Hauger 1 , Lars T Westlye 2 , Astrid Bjørnebekk 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence is associated with a high prevalence of intra- and interpersonal problems, hence it is central to identify cognitive factors related to the development and maintenance of dependence. METHODS The study explores executive functions (EFs) in a sample of 174 male weightlifters, divided into three groups; 1) AAS dependents; n = 58, 2) AAS non-dependents; n = 38 and 3) AAS non-users; n = 78, using a targeted battery of neuropsychological (NP) tests, and self-report questionnaires assessing EFs in everyday life, ADHD symptoms and psychological distress. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of variance showed significant between-group differences on several EFs, including working memory [F (2, 169) = 13.79, p < .001, ηp² = 0.14], mental flexibility [F (2, 169) = 4.82, p = .009, ηp² = 0.05], problem-solving [F (2, 169) = 4.77 p = .010, ηp² = 0.05] and inhibition [F (2, 163) = 4.15, p = .017, ηp² = 0.05]. Additionally, significant between-group differences were seen for self-reported problems with EFs [F (2, 124) = 4.38 p = .015, ηp² = 0.07], ADHD symptoms [F (2, 124) = 7.02 p = .001, ηp² = 0.10], and psychological distress [F (2, 124) = 4.11 p = .019, ηp² = 0.06]. Post hoc tests showed that AAS dependents exhibited poorer EFs and reported more psychological distress compared to non-users. CONCLUSION AAS dependence is associated with executive dysfunction, which might be related to continued abuse despite adverse side-effects and social consequences. Increased awareness of executive dysfunction could have important implications for treatment and rehabilitation.

中文翻译:

合成代谢雄激素类固醇依赖与执行功能障碍有关。

背景技术合成代谢雄激素类固醇(AAS)依赖性与人内和人际问题的高发生率相关,因此识别与依赖性的发展和维持有关的认知因素是中心的。方法该研究探讨了174名男性举重运动员的执行功能(EFs),分为三组。1)AAS受抚养人;n = 58,2)AAS非依赖性;n = 38,3)AAS非用户;n = 78,使用有针对性的一系列神经心理学(NP)测试和自我报告调查表评估日常生活中的EF,ADHD症状和心理困扰。结果多变量方差分析显示,在几种EF上存在显着的组间差异,包括工作记忆[F(2,169)= 13.79,p <.001,ηp²= 0.14],心理柔韧性[F(2,169)= 4.82, p = .009,ηp²= 0.05],解决问题[F(2,169)= 4.77 p = .010,ηp²= 0.05]和抑制[F(2,163)= 4.15,p = .017,ηp²= 0.05]。此外,对于自我报告的问题,EFs [F(2,124)= 4.38 p = .015,ηp²= 0.07],ADHD症状[F(2,124)= 7.02 p = .001 ,ηp²= 0.10]和心理困扰[F(2,124)= 4.11 p = .019,ηp²= 0.06]。事后测试表明,与非使用者相比,AAS依赖者表现出较差的EF,并报告了更多的心理困扰。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。163)= 4.15,p = 0.017,ηp2 = 0.05]。此外,对于自我报告的问题,EFs [F(2,124)= 4.38 p = .015,ηp²= 0.07],ADHD症状[F(2,124)= 7.02 p = .001 ,ηp²= 0.10]和心理困扰[F(2,124)= 4.11 p = .019,ηp²= 0.06]。事后测试表明,与非使用者相比,AAS依赖者表现出较差的EF,并报告了更多的心理困扰。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。163)= 4.15,p = 0.017,ηp2 = 0.05]。此外,对于自我报告的问题,EFs [F(2,124)= 4.38 p = .015,ηp²= 0.07],ADHD症状[F(2,124)= 7.02 p = .001 ,ηp²= 0.10]和心理困扰[F(2,124)= 4.11 p = .019,ηp²= 0.06]。事后测试表明,与非使用者相比,AAS依赖者表现出较差的EF,并报告了更多的心理困扰。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。ηp²= 0.07],ADHD症状[F(2,124)= 7.02 p = .001,ηp²= 0.10]和心理困扰[F(2,124)= 4.11 p = .019,ηp²= 0.06]。事后测试表明,与非使用者相比,AAS依赖者表现出较差的EF,并报告了更多的心理困扰。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。ηp²= 0.07],ADHD症状[F(2,124)= 7.02 p = .001,ηp²= 0.10]和心理困扰[F(2,124)= 4.11 p = .019,ηp²= 0.06]。事后测试表明,与非使用者相比,AAS依赖者表现出较差的EF,并报告了更多的心理困扰。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。结论AAS依赖与执行功能障碍有关,尽管不良副作用和社会后果仍可能与持续滥用有关。对执行功能障碍的认识的提高可能对治疗和康复具有重要意义。
更新日期:2020-01-17
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