Porphyrins are intermediate metabolites in the biosynthesis of vital molecules, including heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll. Bacterial porphyrins are known to be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to inflammatory skin diseases. Propionibacterium species are dominant skin commensals and play essential roles in defending against pathogens and in triggering an inflammatory response. To better understand how the inflammatory potential of the skin microbiome may vary depending on its propionibacterial composition, we compared the production levels of porphyrins among Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium granulosum, Propionibacterium avidum, and Propionibacterium humerusii strains. We found that porphyrin production varied among these species, with P. acnes type I strains producing significantly larger amounts of porphyrins than P. acnes type II and III strains and other Propionibacterium species. P. acnes strains that are highly associated with the common skin condition acne vulgaris responded to vitamin B12 supplementation with significantly higher porphyrin production. In contrast, vitamin B12 supplementation had no effect on the porphyrin production of health-associated P. acnes strains and other propionibacteria. We observed low-level porphyrin production in most Propionibacterium strains harboring the deoR repressor gene, with the exception of P. acnes strains belonging to type I clades IB-3 and IC. Our findings shed light on the proinflammatory potential of distinct phylogenetic lineages of P. acnes as well as other resident skin propionibacteria. We demonstrate that the overall species and strain composition is important in determining the metabolic output of the skin microbiome in health and disease.IMPORTANCE Porphyrins are a group of metabolites essential to the biosynthesis of heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll in living organisms. Bacterial porphyrins can be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to human inflammatory diseases, including the common skin condition acne vulgaris. Propionibacteria are among the most abundant skin bacteria. Variations in propionibacteria composition on the skin may lead to different porphyrin levels and inflammatory potentials. This study characterized porphyrin production in all lineages of Propionibacterium acnes, the most dominant skin Propionibacterium, and other resident skin propionibacteria, including P. granulosum, P. avidum, and P. humerusii We revealed that P. acnes type I strains produced significantly more porphyrins than did type II and III strains and other Propionibacterium species. The findings from this study shed light on the proinflammatory potential of the skin microbiome and can be used to guide the development of effective acne treatments by modulating the skin microbiome and its metabolic activities.

中文翻译：

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卟啉在皮肤丙酸杆菌中的产生和调控。

卟啉是重要分子生物合成的中间代谢物，包括血红素、钴胺素和叶绿素。已知细菌卟啉具有促炎作用，高水平与炎症性皮肤病有关。丙酸杆菌属是主要的皮肤共生菌，在抵御病原体和引发炎症反应方面发挥着重要作用。为了更好地了解皮肤微生物组的炎症潜力如何根据其丙酸杆菌组成而变化，我们比较了痤疮丙酸杆菌、颗粒丙酸杆菌、鸟丙酸杆菌和肱骨丙酸杆菌菌株中卟啉的产生水平。我们发现这些物种的卟啉产量各不相同，I 型痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株产生的卟啉量明显高于 P. 痤疮 II 型和 III 型菌株和其他丙酸杆菌属。与常见皮肤病寻常痤疮高度相关的痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株对维生素 B12 补充剂的反应具有显着更高的卟啉产量。相比之下，维生素 B12 补充剂对与健康相关的痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株和其他丙酸杆菌的卟啉产生没有影响。除了属于 I 型进化枝 IB-3 和 IC 的痤疮丙酸杆菌菌株外，我们观察到大多数携带 deoR 阻遏基因的丙酸杆菌菌株中的卟啉产量很低。我们的研究结果揭示了痤疮丙酸杆菌不同系统发育谱系以及其他常驻皮肤丙酸杆菌的促炎潜力。我们证明了整体物种和菌株组成对于确定皮肤微生物组在健康和疾病中的代谢输出很重要。重要性卟啉是一组代谢物，对活生物体中血红素、钴胺素和叶绿素的生物合成至关重要。细菌卟啉可以促炎，高水平与人类炎症性疾病有关，包括常见的皮肤病寻常痤疮。丙酸杆菌是最丰富的皮肤细菌之一。皮肤上丙酸杆菌组成的变化可能导致不同的卟啉水平和炎症潜能。这项研究描述了所有痤疮丙酸杆菌谱系中卟啉的产生，最主要的皮肤丙酸杆菌和其他常驻皮肤丙酸杆菌，包括粒状假单胞菌、鸟假单胞菌和 P. humerusii 我们发现，痤疮丙酸杆菌 I 型菌株比 II 型和 III 型菌株以及其他丙酸杆菌种类产生的卟啉明显更多。这项研究的结果揭示了皮肤微生物组的促炎潜力，可用于通过调节皮肤微生物组及其代谢活动来指导有效治疗痤疮的发展。