The recent development of human societies has led to major, rapid and often inexorable changes in the environment of most animal species. Over the last decades, a growing number of studies formulated predictions on the modalities of animal adaptation to novel or changing environments, questioning how and at what speed animals should adapt to such changes, discussing the levels of risks imposed by changes in the mean and/or variance of temperatures on animal performance, and exploring the underlying roles of phenotypic plasticity and genetic inheritance. These fundamental predictions, however, remain poorly tested using field data. Here, we tested these predictions using a unique continental-scale data set in the European earwig Forficula auricularia L, a univoltine insect introduced in North America one century ago. We conducted a common garden experiment, in which we measured 13 life-history traits in 4158 field-sampled earwigs originating from 19 populations across North America. Our results first demonstrate that 10 of the 13 measured life-history traits are associated with two sets of variations in seasonal temperatures, i.e. winter-summer and autumn-spring. We found, however, no association with the overall mean monthly temperatures of the invaded locations. Furthermore, our use of a common garden setup reveals that the observed patterns of variation in earwigs' life-history traits are not mere plastic responses to their current environment, but are either due to their genetic background and/or to the environmental conditions they experienced during early life development. Overall, these findings provide continent-scale support to the claims that adaptation to thermal changes can occur quickly (in less than 100 generations), even in insects with long life cycles, and emphasize the importance of variation in seasonal temperature over mean population temperatures in climate adaptation.

中文翻译：

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季节性（非平均）温度的变化推动了对大陆尺度新环境的快速适应

人类社会最近的发展导致大多数动物物种的环境发生了重大、快速且往往是不可阻挡的变化。在过去的几十年里，越来越多的研究对动物适应新环境或不断变化的环境的方式做出了预测，质疑动物应该如何以及以何种速度适应这种变化，讨论平均值和/或温度变化对动物性能的影响，并探索表型可塑性和遗传遗传的潜在作用。然而，这些基本预测仍然无法使用现场数据进行测试。在这里，我们使用欧洲耳螟 Forficula auricularia L 中独特的大陆尺度数据集测试了这些预测，这是一种一个世纪前引入北美的单性昆虫。我们进行了一项常见的花园实验，在该实验中，我们测量了来自北美 19 个种群的 4158 只现场采样的螟的 13 个生活史特征。我们的结果首先表明，13 个测量的生活史特征中的 10 个与季节温度的两组变化有关，即冬-夏和秋-春。然而，我们发现与入侵地点的整体月平均温度没有关联。此外，我们使用常见的花园设置表明，观察到的耳螈生活史特征的变异模式不仅仅是对其当前环境的塑性反应，而是由于它们的遗传背景和/或它们所经历的环境条件在早期的生命发展过程中。全面的，