Mitochondria are metabolic organelles essential not only for energy transduction, but also a range of other functions such as biosynthesis, ion and metal homeostasis, maintenance of redox balance, and cell signaling. A hallmark example of how mitochondria can rebalance these processes to adjust cell function is observed in macrophages. These innate immune cells are responsible for a remarkable breadth of processes including pathogen elimination, antigen presentation, debris clearance, and wound healing. These diverse, polarized functions often include similarly disparate alterations in the metabolic phenotype associated with their execution. In this chapter, mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are viewed through the lens of macrophage polarization: both classical, pro-inflammatory activation and alternative, anti-inflammatory activation are associated with substantive changes to mitochondrial metabolism. Emphasis is placed on recent evidence that aims to clarify the essential – rather than associative – mitochondrial alterations, as well as accumulating data suggesting a degree of plasticity within the metabolic phenotypes that can support pro- and anti-inflammatory functions.

线粒体不仅是能量传导所必需的代谢细胞器，而且还具有一系列其他功能，例如生物合成，离子和金属稳态，氧化还原平衡的维持以及细胞信号传导。在巨噬细胞中观察到线粒体如何重新平衡这些过程以调节细胞功能的标志性例子。这些先天免疫细胞负责广泛的过程，包括病原体消除，抗原呈递，碎片清除和伤口愈合。这些不同的，两极分化的功能通常包括与其执行相关的代谢表型相似的完全不同的改变。在本章中，通过巨噬细胞极化的角度来观察线粒体的生物能和信号传导：经典的，促炎性激活和替代性，抗炎激活与线粒体代谢的实质性变化有关。重点放在了最近的证据上，这些证据旨在阐明线粒体的基本变化，而不是相关的变化，并且积累的数据表明，代谢表型在一定程度上具有可塑性，可以支持促炎和抗炎功能。