Electrostatic interactions play a vital role in nature. Biomacromolecules such as proteins are orchestrated by electrostatics, among other intermolecular forces, to assemble and organize biochemistry. Natural proteins with a high net charge exist in a folded state or are unstructured and can be an inspiration for scientists to artificially supercharge other protein entities. Recent findings show that supercharging proteins allows for control of their properties such as temperature resistance and catalytic activity. One elegant method to transfer the favorable properties of supercharged proteins to other proteins is the fabrication of fusions. Genetically engineered, supercharged unstructured polypeptides (SUPs) are just one promising fusion tool. SUPs can also be complexed with artificial entities to yield thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals and liquids. These architectures represent novel bulk materials that are sensitive to external stimuli. Interestingly, SUPs undergo fluid-fluid phase separation to form coacervates. These coacervates can even be directly generated in living cells or can be combined with dissipative fiber assemblies that induce life-like features. Supercharged proteins and SUPs are developed into exciting classes of materials. Their synthesis, structures, and properties are summarized. Moreover, potential applications are highlighted and challenges are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

增压的蛋白质和多肽。

静电相互作用在自然界中起着至关重要的作用。生物大分子（例如蛋白质）通过静电以及其他分子间作用力进行编排，以组装和组织生物化学。具有高净电荷的天然蛋白质以折叠状态存在或处于非结构化状态，可能会激发科学家对其他蛋白质实体进行人工增压的灵感。最近的发现表明，增压蛋白质可以控制其性质，例如耐热性和催化活性。将增压蛋白质的有利特性转移到其他蛋白质的一种绝佳方法是融合蛋白的制备。基因工程，增压的非结构化多肽（SUPs）只是一种很有前途的融合工具。SUP也可以与人工实体复合，以生成热致和液溶性液晶和液体。这些架构代表了对外部刺激敏感的新型块状材料。有趣的是，SUP经历了流体相分离以形成凝聚层。这些凝聚层甚至可以直接在活细胞中生成，或者可以与诱导生活特征的耗散纤维组合在一起。增压的蛋白质和SUPs已发展成为令人兴奋的材料类别。总结了它们的合成，结构和性质。此外，突出了潜在的应用并讨论了挑战。这些凝聚层甚至可以直接在活细胞中生成，或者可以与诱导生活特征的耗散纤维组合在一起。增压的蛋白质和SUPs已发展成为令人兴奋的材料类别。总结了它们的合成，结构和性质。此外，突出了潜在的应用并讨论了挑战。这些凝聚层甚至可以直接在活细胞中生成，或者可以与诱导生活特征的耗散纤维组合在一起。增压的蛋白质和SUPs已发展成为令人兴奋的材料类别。总结了它们的合成，结构和性质。此外，突出了潜在的应用并讨论了挑战。