High-resolution satellite imaging represents a potentially effective technique to monitor cyclone-caused environmental damage and recovery over large areas at a high spatial scale. This study utilized a 10-m resolution Sentinel satellite image series to document vegetation changes in a portion of the Florida Keys, USA, over which the core of Category 4 Hurricane Irma passed on 10 September 2017. A previously assembled field survey was used to establish land-cover patterns in the satellite data, and concurrent field measurements verified post-hurricane changes. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was utilized as a tracer for pre-storm baseline patterns and through 19 post-storm months. NDVI patterns show that the severity of vegetation damage varied appreciably across the area, with the least damage on islands in the western sector of the hurricane’s eye and around its center, and greatest damage on islands just east of the eye. The data reveal that for 2.5 months after the storm, multiple inland vegetation classes showed substantial early regrowth. However, mangrove forests were more negatively affected. The storm caused extensive mortality of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), corresponding to more than 40% of the total mangrove area on some islands. The full extent of mangrove die-off was not immediately evident, and increased progressively through the first few months after the storm. In addition to demonstrating the utility of high-resolution satellite image series for post-hurricane environmental assessment, this study reveals high-resolution links between vegetation types, their location within the cyclone, and the extent of post-storm recovery.

中文翻译：

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基于卫星图像的佛罗里达州下佛罗里达州对飓风艾玛的植被反应的时间序列观测

高分辨率卫星成像是一种潜在的有效技术，可以在高空间尺度上监视旋风引起的环境破坏和大面积恢复。这项研究利用10米分辨率的Sentinel卫星图像系列记录了美国佛罗里达礁岛一部分的植被变化，并在2017年9月10日通过了类别4飓风艾玛的核心。先前组装的野外调查用于确定卫星数据中的土地覆盖模式以及同时进行的野外测量验证了飓风后的变化。归一化植被指数（NDVI）被用作暴风前基线模式和暴风后19个月的示踪剂。NDVI模式表明，整个地区的植被破坏严重程度各有不同，对飓风眼西段及其中心附近的岛屿造成的损害最小，对眼球以东的岛屿造成的损害最大。数据显示，暴风雨过后的2.5个月，多个内陆植被类别显示出大量的早期再生长。但是，红树林受到的负面影响更大。暴风雨使黑红树林大量死亡（Avicennia Germinans和红树林（Rhizophora mangle），相当于某些岛屿上红树林总面积的40％以上。红树林死亡的全部范围尚未立即显现出来，并且在暴风雨后的头几个月逐渐增加。除了演示高分辨率卫星图像系列在飓风后环境评估中的用途外，这项研究还揭示了植被类型，其在旋风中的位置以及暴风雨后恢复程度之间的高分辨率联系。