Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes through the sequential accumulation of multiple genomic and epigenomic alterations resulting from Darwinian selection. Genes from various signalling pathways such as telomere maintenance, Wnt/β-catenin, P53/cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, epigenetic modifiers, AKT/mTOR and MAP kinase are frequently mutated in HCC. Several subclasses of HCC have been identified based on transcriptomic dysregulation and genetic alterations that are closely related to risk factors, pathological features and prognosis. Undoubtedly, integration of data obtained from both preclinical models and human studies can help to accelerate the identification of robust predictive biomarkers of response to targeted biotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to describe the main advances in HCC in terms of molecular biology and to discuss how this knowledge could be used in clinical practice in the future.

中文翻译：

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肝细胞癌分子分型及精准肿瘤学研究进展

肝细胞癌 (HCC) 起源于肝细胞，是通过达尔文选择导致的多个基因组和表观基因组改变的连续积累而产生的。来自各种信号通路的基因，如端粒维持、Wnt/β-连环蛋白、P53/细胞周期调节、氧化应激、表观遗传修饰物、AKT/mTOR 和 MAP 激酶在 HCC 中经常发生突变。基于与危险因素、病理特征和预后密切相关的转录组失调和遗传改变，已经确定了 HCC 的几个亚类。毫无疑问，从临床前模型和人体研究中获得的数据的整合有助于加速识别对靶向生物疗法和免疫疗法的反应的可靠预测生物标志物。