ARMARIO, A, J. Labad and R. Nadal. Focusing attention on biological markers of acute stressor intensity: empirical evidence and limitations. NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS. The availability of biological markers that objectively quantify stress is a highly relevant issue. However, experimental evidence suggests that most physiological changes elicited by emotional stressors do not reflect their intensity and are not useful for this purpose. Thus, we review experimental evidence in animals and humans about the putative validity of neuroendocrine and sympathetic/parasympathetic variables to measure stress. Plasma levels of some hormones (e.g. ACTH, glucocorticoids, prolactin and catecholamines) have been found to reflect, at least under certain conditions, the intensity of emotional stressors in animals and probably in humans. However, the temporal resolution of hormone changes is insufficient to reflect the very dynamic psychological processes taking place while experiencing stressors. Cardiovascular parameters (e.g. heart rate and blood pressure) have much better temporal resolution but their validity as markers of stressor intensity either in animals or humans is problematic. Skin conductance and pupil dilation appear to be promising. Additional and more systematic studies are needed to demonstrate the actual validity of stress-induced physiological changes to quantify stress.

中文翻译：

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重点关注急性应激源强度的生物学标记：经验证据和局限性。

ARMARIO，A，J.Labad和R.Nadal。重点关注急性应激源强度的生物学标记：经验证据和局限性。神经科学和生物行为学评论。客观量化压力的生物标志物的可用性是一个高度相关的问题。但是，实验证据表明，情绪压力刺激引起的大多数生理变化都不能反映其强度，因此不能用于此目的。因此，我们回顾了在动物和人类中有关神经内分泌和交感/副交感神经变量用于测量压力的假定有效性的实验证据。已经发现，至少在某些条件下，某些激素（例如ACTH，糖皮质激素，催乳素和儿茶酚胺）的血浆水平反映出动物乃至人类中情绪应激的强度。然而，激素变化的时间分辨力不足以反映压力源时发生的非常动态的心理过程。心血管参数（例如心率和血压）具有更好的时间分辨率，但是它们作为动物或人类中应激源强度标记的有效性存在问题。皮肤电导和瞳孔扩张似乎很有希望。需要更多和更系统的研究来证明应激引起的生理变化对量化应激的实际有效性。心率和血压）具有更好的时间分辨率，但它们作为动物或人类中应激源强度指标的有效性存在问题。皮肤电导和瞳孔扩张似乎很有希望。需要更多和更系统的研究来证明压力诱发的生理变化对压力的量化的实际有效性。心率和血压）具有更好的时间分辨率，但它们作为动物或人类中应激源强度指标的有效性存在问题。皮肤电导和瞳孔扩张似乎很有希望。需要更多和更系统的研究来证明压力诱发的生理变化对压力的量化的实际有效性。