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Preferred resting surfaces of dominant malaria vectors inside different house types in rural south-eastern Tanzania.
Malaria Journal ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-15 , DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3108-0
Betwel J Msugupakulya 1, 2 , Emmanuel W Kaindoa 1, 3 , Halfan S Ngowo 1, 4 , Japhet M Kihonda 1 , Najat F Kahamba 1, 2 , Dickson S Msaky 1 , Damaris Matoke-Muhia 1, 5 , Patrick K Tungu 6 , Fredros O Okumu 1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Malaria control in Africa relies extensively on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). IRS typically targets mosquitoes resting on walls, and in few cases, roofs and ceilings, using contact insecticides. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to where malaria vectors actually rest indoors, and how such knowledge could be used to improve IRS. This study investigated preferred resting surfaces of two major malaria vectors, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis, inside four common house types in rural south-eastern Tanzania. METHODS The assessment was done inside 80 houses including: 20 with thatched roofs and mud walls, 20 with thatched roofs and un-plastered brick walls, 20 with metal roofs and un-plastered brick walls, and 20 with metal roofs and plastered brick walls, across four villages. In each house, resting mosquitoes were sampled in mornings (6 a.m.-8 a.m.), evenings (6 p.m.-8 p.m.) and at night (11 p.m.-12.00 a.m.) using Prokopack aspirators from multiple surfaces (walls, undersides of roofs, floors, furniture, utensils, clothing, curtains and bed nets). RESULTS Overall, only 26% of An. funestus and 18% of An. arabiensis were found on walls. In grass-thatched houses, 33-55% of An. funestus and 43-50% of An. arabiensis rested under roofs, while in metal-roofed houses, only 16-20% of An. funestus and 8-30% of An. arabiensis rested under roofs. Considering all data together, approximately 40% of mosquitoes rested on surfaces not typically targeted by IRS, i.e. floors, furniture, utensils, clothing and bed nets. These proportions were particularly high in metal-roofed houses (47-53% of An. funestus; 60-66% of An. arabiensis). CONCLUSION While IRS typically uses contact insecticides to target adult mosquitoes on walls, and occasionally roofs and ceilings, significant proportions of vectors rest on surfaces not usually sprayed. This gap exceeds one-third of malaria mosquitoes in grass-thatched houses, and can reach two-thirds in metal-roofed houses. Where field operations exclude roofs during IRS, the gaps can be much greater. In conclusion, there is need for locally-obtained data on mosquito resting behaviours and how these influence the overall impact and costs of IRS. This study also emphasizes the need for alternative approaches, e.g. house screening, which broadly tackle mosquitoes beyond areas reachable by IRS and ITNs.

中文翻译:

坦桑尼亚东南部农村地区不同房屋类型内主要疟疾媒介的首选静止表面。

背景技术非洲的疟疾控制在很大程度上依赖于室内残留喷雾剂(IRS)和经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐(ITNs)。IRS通常使用接触性杀虫剂来针对蚊子,这些蚊子搁在墙壁上,在少数情况下是屋顶和天花板上的蚊子。不幸的是,很少有人关注疟疾媒介在室内的实际位置以及如何利用这些知识来改善IRS。这项研究调查了坦桑尼亚东南部农村地区四种常见房屋类型中两种主要疟疾媒介的最佳静止表面,即按蚊和阿拉伯按蚊。方法在80所房屋中进行了评估,其中包括:20座茅草屋顶和泥墙,20座茅草屋顶和无灰泥砖墙,20座金属屋顶和无灰泥砖墙,20座金属屋顶和灰泥砖墙,跨越四个村庄。在每个房屋中,使用Prokopack吸气器从多个表面(墙壁,屋顶下面,地板和地板)在早晨(上午6点至上午8点),晚上(下午6点至晚上8点)和晚上(晚上11点至12点)和晚上(晚上11点至12点)采样蚊子。 ,家具,餐具,衣物,窗帘和蚊帐)。结果总体而言,仅An的26%。funestus和An。的18%在墙上发现了阿拉伯树。在草屋中,An的33-55%真菌和An。的43-50%阿拉伯树在屋顶下休息,而在金属屋顶的房屋中,只有An的16-20%。Funestus和An的8-30%阿拉伯人在屋顶下休息。综合考虑所有数据,大约40%的蚊子栖息在IRS通常不瞄准的表面上,即地板,家具,器皿,衣物和蚊帐。在金属屋顶的房屋中,这些比例特别高(真菌的比例为47-53%;阿拉伯聚糖的比例为60-66%)。结论尽管国税局通常使用接触杀虫剂将目标蚊子对准墙壁上的偶发蚊子,偶尔也将屋顶和天花板作为目标,但很大比例的媒介物却落在通常不喷洒的表面上。这种差距超过草棚房屋中疟疾蚊子的三分之一,而在金属屋顶房屋中则可达到三分之二。在IRS期间,如果野外作业不包括屋顶,则差距可能更大。总之,需要获得关于蚊子静止行为的本地数据,以及这些数据如何影响IRS的总体影响和成本。这项研究还强调需要替代方法,例如房屋检查,该方法可以广泛解决IRS和ITN可以到达的区域以外的蚊子。很大一部分载体停留在通常不喷洒的表面上。这种差距超过草棚房屋中疟疾蚊子的三分之一,而在金属屋顶房屋中则可达到三分之二。在IRS期间,如果野外作业不包括屋顶,则差距可能更大。总之,需要获得关于蚊子静止行为的本地数据,以及这些数据如何影响IRS的总体影响和成本。这项研究还强调需要替代方法,例如房屋检查,该方法可以广泛解决IRS和ITN可以到达的区域以外的蚊子。很大一部分载体停留在通常不喷洒的表面上。这种差距超过草棚房屋中疟疾蚊子的三分之一,而在金属屋顶房屋中则可达到三分之二。在IRS期间,如果野外作业不包括屋顶,则差距可能更大。总之,需要获得有关蚊子静止行为的本地数据,以及这些数据如何影响IRS的总体影响和成本。这项研究还强调需要替代方法,例如房屋检查,该方法可以广泛解决IRS和ITN可以到达的区域以外的蚊子。需要从本地获取有关蚊子静止行为以及这些行为如何影响IRS的总体影响和成本的数据。这项研究还强调需要替代方法,例如房屋检查,该方法可以广泛解决IRS和ITN可以到达的区域以外的蚊子。需要从本地获取有关蚊子静止行为以及这些行为如何影响IRS的总体影响和成本的数据。这项研究还强调需要替代方法,例如房屋检查,该方法可以广泛解决IRS和ITN可以到达的区域以外的蚊子。
更新日期:2020-01-15
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