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Spatial and temporal distribution of infectious disease epidemics, disasters and other potential public health emergencies in the World Health Organisation Africa region, 2016-2018.
Globalization and Health ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-15 , DOI: 10.1186/s12992-019-0540-4
Ambrose Otau Talisuna 1 , Emelda Aluoch Okiro 2 , Ali Ahmed Yahaya 1 , Mary Stephen 1 , Boukare Bonkoungou 1 , Emmanuel Onuche Musa 1 , Etienne Magloire Minkoulou 1 , Joseph Okeibunor 1 , Benido Impouma 1 , Haruna Mamoudou Djingarey 1 , N'da Konan Michel Yao 1 , Sakuya Oka 1 , Zabulon Yoti 1 , Ibrahima Socé Fall 3
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging diseases with pandemic potential continue to challenge fragile health systems in Africa, creating enormous human and economic toll. To provide evidence for the investment case for public health emergency preparedness, we analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of epidemics, disasters and other potential public health emergencies in the WHO African region between 2016 and 2018. METHODS We abstracted data from several sources, including: the WHO African Region's weekly bulletins on epidemics and emergencies, the WHO-Disease Outbreak News (DON) and the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). Other sources were: the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED) and the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON). We included information on the time and location of the event, the number of cases and deaths and counter-checked the different data sources. DATA ANALYSIS We used bubble plots for temporal analysis and generated graphs and maps showing the frequency and distribution of each event. Based on the frequency of events, we categorised countries into three: Tier 1, 10 or more events, Tier 2, 5-9 events, and Tier 3, less than 5 or no event. Finally, we compared the event frequencies to a summary International Health Regulations (IHR) index generated from the IHR technical area scores of the 2018 annual reports. RESULTS Over 260 events were identified between 2016 and 2018. Forty-one countries (87%) had at least one epidemic between 2016 and 2018, and 21 of them (45%) had at least one epidemic annually. Twenty-two countries (47%) had disasters/humanitarian crises. Seven countries (the epicentres) experienced over 10 events and all of them had limited or developing IHR capacities. The top five causes of epidemics were: Cholera, Measles, Viral Haemorrhagic Diseases, Malaria and Meningitis. CONCLUSIONS The frequent and widespread occurrence of epidemics and disasters in Africa is a clarion call for investing in preparedness. While strengthening preparedness should be guided by global frameworks, it is the responsibility of each government to finance country specific needs. We call upon all African countries to establish governance and predictable financing mechanisms for IHR implementation and to build resilient health systems everywhere.

中文翻译:

2016-2018 年世界卫生组织非洲地区传染病流行病、灾害和其他潜在突发公共卫生事件的时空分布。

背景 具有大流行潜力的新出现和重新出现的疾病继续挑战非洲脆弱的卫生系统,造成巨大的人员和经济损失。为了为公共卫生应急准备的投资案例提供证据,我们分析了 2016 年至 2018 年期间世卫组织非洲地区流行病、灾害和其他潜在突发公共卫生事件的时空分布。方法我们从多个来源提取数据,包括:世卫组织非洲区域关于流行病和紧急情况的每周公报、世卫组织疾病暴发新闻 (DON) 和灾害流行病学研究中心 (CRED) 的紧急事件数据库 (EM-DAT)。其他来源包括:新兴疾病监测计划 (ProMED) 和全球传染病和流行病学网络 (GIDEON)。我们包括了有关事件的时间和地点、病例数和死亡人数的信息,并对不同的数据源进行了复核。数据分析 我们使用气泡图进行时间分析,并生成图表和地图,显示每个事件的频率和分布。根据事件发生的频率,我们将国家分为三类:1 级,10 或更多事件,2 级,5-9 事件,以及 3 级,少于 5 个或没有事件。最后,我们将事件频率与根据 2018 年年度报告的 IHR 技术领域得分生成的国际卫生条例 (IHR) 汇总指数进行了比较。结果 2016 年至 2018 年期间确定了 260 多起事件。41 个国家(87%)在 2016 年至 2018 年间至少发生过一次流行病,其中 21 个(45%)每年至少发生一次流行病。22 个国家 (47%) 发生了灾害/人道主义危机。七个国家(震中)经历了 10 多次事件,所有这些国家的 IHR 能力有限或正在发展。流行病的前五位原因是:霍乱、麻疹、病毒性出血性疾病、疟疾和脑膜炎。结论 非洲流行病和灾害的频繁和广泛发生是对防备投资的号召。虽然加强准备工作应以全球框架为指导,但每个政府都有责任为国家的具体需求提供资金。我们呼吁所有非洲国家为《国际卫生条例》的实施建立治理和可预测的融资机制,并在各地建立有弹性的卫生系统。七个国家(震中)经历了 10 多次事件,所有这些国家的 IHR 能力有限或正在发展。流行病的前五位原因是:霍乱、麻疹、病毒性出血性疾病、疟疾和脑膜炎。结论 非洲流行病和灾害的频繁和广泛发生是对防备投资的号召。虽然加强准备工作应以全球框架为指导,但每个政府都有责任为国家的具体需求提供资金。我们呼吁所有非洲国家为《国际卫生条例》的实施建立治理和可预测的融资机制,并在各地建立有弹性的卫生系统。七个国家(震中)经历了 10 多次事件,所有这些国家的 IHR 能力有限或正在发展。流行病的前五位原因是:霍乱、麻疹、病毒性出血性疾病、疟疾和脑膜炎。结论 非洲流行病和灾害的频繁和广泛发生是对防备投资的号召。虽然加强准备工作应以全球框架为指导,但每个政府都有责任为国家的具体需求提供资金。我们呼吁所有非洲国家为《国际卫生条例》的实施建立治理和可预测的融资机制,并在各地建立有弹性的卫生系统。结论 非洲流行病和灾害的频繁和广泛发生是对防备投资的号召。虽然加强准备工作应以全球框架为指导,但每个政府都有责任为国家的具体需求提供资金。我们呼吁所有非洲国家为《国际卫生条例》的实施建立治理和可预测的融资机制,并在各地建立有弹性的卫生系统。结论 非洲流行病和灾害的频繁和广泛发生是对防备投资的号召。虽然加强准备工作应以全球框架为指导,但每个政府都有责任为国家的具体需求提供资金。我们呼吁所有非洲国家为《国际卫生条例》的实施建立治理和可预测的融资机制,并在各地建立有弹性的卫生系统。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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