There is a need to capture, convert and store CO₂ by atom-efficient and energy-efficient pathways that use as few process configurations as possible. This need has motivated studies into multiphase reaction chemistries and this Review describes two such approaches in the context of carbon mineralization. The first approach uses aqueous alkaline solutions containing amine nucleophiles that capture CO₂ and eventually convert it into calcium and magnesium carbonates, thereby regenerating the nucleophiles. Gas–liquid–solid and liquid–solid configurations of these reactions are explored. The second approach combines silicates such as CaSiO₃ or Mg₂SiO₄ with CO and H₂O from the water-gas shift reaction to give H₂ and calcium or magnesium carbonates. Coupling carbonate formation to the water-gas shift reaction shifts the latter equilibrium to afford more H₂ as part of a single-step catalytic approach to carbon mineralization. These pathways exploit the vast abundance of alkaline resources, including naturally occurring silicates and alkaline industrial residues. However, simple stoichiometries belie the complex, multiphase nature of the reactions, predictive control of which presents a scientific opportunity and challenge. This Review describes this multiphase chemistry and the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to achieve ‘step-change’ advancements in the reactive separation of CO₂ by carbon mineralization.

需要通过使用尽可能少的工艺配置的原子高效和节能途径来捕获、转化和储存 CO _{2 。}这种需求推动了对多相反应化学的研究，本综述描述了碳矿化背景下的两种此类方法。第一种方法使用含有胺亲核试剂的碱性水溶液捕获 CO ₂并最终将其转化为碳酸钙和碳酸镁，从而使亲核试剂再生。探索了这些反应的气-液-固和液-固构型。第二种方法将硅酸盐（例如 CaSiO ₃或 Mg ₂ SiO _{4 ）}与 CO 和 H _{2结合起来}来自水煤气变换反应的 O 生成 H ₂和碳酸钙或碳酸镁。将碳酸盐的形成与水煤气变换反应相结合，改变了后者的平衡以提供更多的 H ₂作为碳矿化单步催化方法的一部分。这些途径利用了大量的碱性资源，包括天然存在的硅酸盐和碱性工业残留物。然而，简单的化学计量掩盖了反应的复杂、多相性质，其预测控制提出了科学机遇和挑战。这篇综述描述了这种多相化学以及需要解决的知识差距，以实现通过碳矿化反应分离 CO ₂的“阶跃式”进步。