Cancer is a complex disease whose outcome depends largely on the cross-talk between the tumor and its microenvironment. Here, we review the evolution of the field of tumor immunology and the advances, in lockstep, of our understanding of cancer as a disease. We discuss the involvement of different immune cells at distinct stages of tumor progression and how immune contexture determinants shaping tumor development are being exploited therapeutically. Current clinical stratification schemes focus on the tumor histopathology and the molecular characteristics of the tumor cell. We argue for the importance of revising these stratification systems to include immune parameters so as to address the immediate need for improved prognostic and/or predictive information to guide clinical decisions.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤免疫学与肿瘤进化：相互交织的历史。

癌症是一种复杂的疾病，其结局很大程度上取决于肿瘤与其微环境之间的相互影响。在这里，我们回顾了肿瘤免疫学领域的发展以及我们对癌症的理解。我们讨论了在肿瘤进展的不同阶段中不同免疫细胞的参与，以及如何在治疗上利用影响肿瘤发展的免疫决定因素。当前的临床分层方案集中于肿瘤组织病理学和肿瘤细胞的分子特征。我们认为修改这些分层系统以包括免疫参数的重要性，以解决对改善预后和/或预测信息以指导临床决策的迫切需求。