Abstract Changes in microbial communities are observed during the long-term operation of activated sludge systems employing an excess sludge reduction technology. Short-term changes are also significant to confirm if key microbes are damaged, but they have not been investigated due to the absence of an appropriate method. We report a methodology to identify prokaryotic and eukaryotic species damaged almost instantaneously by a high-pressure jet device (HPJD), a cost-effective sludge reduction technology. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and microscopic inspection were implemented to identify damaged microorganisms. A sludge injection ratio (R), activated sludge suspension from the top port relative to that of the lateral port of the HPJD, was set at 0, 1, and 3. The DNA eluted by the HPJD treatment at these R-values was successfully retrieved. Nitrifying bacteria were not detected in the eluted DNA at the R-values, indicating that the essential guilds for nitrogen removal can be retained. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria (47.8 %), followed by Bacteroidetes (18.2 %), Chloroflexi (9.0 %), and Verrucomicrobia (5.8 %) before HPJD treatment. These phyla retained their dominance after HPJD treatment; however, species in the phylum Actinobacteria (6.9–19.9 %) were intensively damaged. A higher degree of sludge destruction by the HPJD increased the species destroyed, but the composition was not changed. The microscopic inspection indicated the HPJD treatment pronouncedly destroyed the eukaryotic metazoa in activated sludge.

中文翻译：

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识别由高压喷射装置分解的原核生物和真核生物以减少过量活性污泥

摘要 在采用剩余污泥减少技术的活性污泥系统的长期运行过程中观察到微生物群落的变化。短期变化对于确认关键微生物是否受损也很重要，但由于缺乏适当的方法，尚未对其进行调查。我们报告了一种方法来识别被高压喷射装置 (HPJD)（一种具有成本效益的污泥减少技术）几乎瞬间损坏的原核和真核物种。实施16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和显微镜检查以识别受损微生物。污泥注入比 (R)，即从顶部端口相对于 HPJD 横向端口的活性污泥悬浮液，设置为 0、1 和 3。在这些 R 值下 HPJD 处理洗脱的 DNA 成功取回。在 R 值处，在洗脱的 DNA 中未检测到硝化细菌，表明可以保留脱氮的基本类群。在 HPJD 治疗前，优势门是变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) (47.8%)，其次是拟杆菌门 (18.2%)、屈氯菌门 (Chloroflexi) (9.0%) 和疣微菌门 (Verrucomicrobia) (5.8%)。这些门在 HPJD 治疗后保留了它们的优势；然而，放线菌门中的物种（6.9-19.9%）受到严重破坏。HPJD 对污泥的更高程度破坏增加了破坏的物种，但组成没有改变。显微镜检查表明 HPJD 处理明显破坏了活性污泥中的真核后生动物。在 HPJD 治疗前，优势门是变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) (47.8%)，其次是拟杆菌门 (18.2%)、屈氯菌门 (Chloroflexi) (9.0%) 和疣微菌门 (Verrucomicrobia) (5.8%)。这些门在 HPJD 治疗后保留了它们的优势；然而，放线菌门中的物种（6.9-19.9%）受到严重破坏。HPJD 对污泥的更高程度破坏增加了破坏的物种，但组成没有改变。显微镜检查表明 HPJD 处理明显破坏了活性污泥中的真核后生动物。在 HPJD 治疗前，优势门是变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) (47.8%)，其次是拟杆菌门 (18.2%)、屈氯菌门 (Chloroflexi) (9.0%) 和疣微菌门 (Verrucomicrobia) (5.8%)。这些门在 HPJD 治疗后保留了它们的优势；然而，放线菌门中的物种（6.9-19.9%）受到严重破坏。HPJD 对污泥的更高程度破坏增加了破坏的物种，但组成没有改变。显微镜检查表明 HPJD 处理明显破坏了活性污泥中的真核后生动物。HPJD 对污泥的更高程度破坏增加了破坏的物种，但组成没有改变。显微镜检查表明 HPJD 处理显着破坏了活性污泥中的真核后生动物。HPJD 对污泥的更高程度破坏增加了破坏的物种，但组成没有改变。显微镜检查表明 HPJD 处理明显破坏了活性污泥中的真核后生动物。