Abstract

Apples are among the world’s most consumed fruits. However, while the impact of whole-apple intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unknown. This narrative review summarizes a novel integrated view of whole-apple intake, CVD risk association (through observational studies; OSs), and the effects on CVD risk factors (randomized trials; RTs). In 8 OSs, whole-apple intake was associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality, ischemic heart disease mortality, stroke mortality, all-cause mortality, and severe abdominal aortic calcification, as well as with lower C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. In 8 RTs, whole-apple consumption reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and plasma inflammatory cytokines, and noticeably reduced CRP, whereas it increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and improved endothelial function. Thus, consuming between 100 and 150 g/day of whole apples is associated with a lower CVD risk and decreases in blood pressure, pulse pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and inflammation status as well as with increases in HDLc and endothelial function. These results, support the regular consumption of whole apples as an aid in the prevention of CVD.

摘要

苹果是世界上消费最多的水果之一。然而，尽管全苹果摄入对心血管疾病（CVD）的影响仍然未知。该叙述性综述总结了关于全苹果摄入量，CVD风险关联（通过观察性研究； OS）以及对CVD风险因素的影响（随机试验； RT）的新颖综合观点。在8个OS中，全苹果摄入与CVD死亡率，缺血性心脏病死亡率，中风死亡率，全因死亡率和严重的腹主动脉钙化的风险降低，以及较低的C反应蛋白（CRP）浓度相关。在8个疗程中，全苹果食用可降低总胆固醇，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，收缩压，脉压和血浆炎性细胞因子，并显着降低CRP，而它增加了高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLc）并改善了内皮功能。因此，每天摄入100至150克完整苹果与CVD风险降低，血压，脉搏压力，总胆固醇，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和炎症状态降低以及HDLc和内皮细胞升高有关功能。这些结果支持定期食用整个苹果，有助于预防CVD。