The successful translation of nanostructure-based bioimaging and/or drug delivery system needs extensive in vitro and in vivo studies on biocompatibility, biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity for its diagnostic applications. Herein, we have investigated the in vitro cyto-hemocompatibility, in vivo biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity in mice after systemic administration of GdF3 nanoparticles loaded PEGylated mesoporous carbon capsule (GdF3-PMCC)-based theranostic system. In vitro cyto-hemocompatibility study showed a very good biocompatibility up to concentration of 500 µg/ml. Biodistribution studies carried out from 1 h to 8 days showed that GdF3-PMCC was found in major organs, such as liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle till 4th day and it was negligible in any tissue after 8th day. The clearance study was carried out for a period of 8 days and it was observed that the urinary system is the main route of excretion of GdF3-PMCC. The tissue toxicity study was done for 15 days and histopathological analysis indicated that the GdF3-PMCC based theranostic system does not have any adverse effect in tissues. Thus, PMCCs are nontoxic and can be applied as theranostic agents in contrast to the other carbon-based systems (PEGylated carbon nanotubes and PEGylated graphene oxide) which showed significant toxicity.

中文翻译：

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小鼠模型中装有GdF3纳米颗粒的PEG化碳胶囊的命运：迈向临床应用的一步。

基于纳米结构的生物成像和/或药物递送系统的成功翻译需要对其诊断应用的生物相容性，生物分布，清除率和毒性进行广泛的体外和体内研究。在这里，我们已经研究了基于GdF3纳米粒子的聚乙二醇化介孔碳胶囊（GdF3-PMCC）的治疗体系的全身给药后，小鼠体内的体外血细胞相容性，体内生物分布，清除率和毒性。体外细胞血液相容性研究显示，浓度高达500 µg / ml，生物相容性非常好。从1小时到8天进行的生物分布研究表明，直到第4天，GdF3-PMCC才在主要器官（如肝，肾，脾和肌肉）中发现，而在第8天后在任何组织中都可以忽略不计。清除研究进行了8天，观察到泌尿系统是GdF3-PMCC排泄的主要途径。组织毒性研究进行了15天，组织病理学分析表明，基于GdF3-PMCC的治疗方法对组织没有任何不利影响。因此，与其他具有显着毒性的碳基体系（聚乙二醇化碳纳米管和聚乙二醇化氧化石墨烯）相比，PMCC无毒，可以用作治疗剂。