Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification characterized by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates. The ubiquitination modification process is reversible, dynamic, and involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as autophagy, inflammatory responses, and DNA damage responses. The forms of ubiquitin modification are very diverse, incorporating either a single ubiquitin molecule or a complicated ubiquitin polymer, and different types of ubiquitination usually elicit corresponding cellular responses. The development of research tools and strategies has afforded more detailed insight into atypical ubiquitin signaling pathways that were previously poorly understood. Here, an update on the understanding of atypical ubiquitin chain signaling pathways is provided and the recent development of representative research tools for ubiquitin systems is discussed. In addition, the future challenges in ubiquitin research are reflected on and summarized.

中文翻译：

---

非典型泛素化的新兴作用和研究工具。

泛素化是翻译后修饰，其特征在于泛素分子共价附于蛋白质底物。泛素修饰过程是可逆的，动态的，并参与各种生物过程的调节，例如自噬，炎症反应和DNA损伤反应。泛素修饰的形式非常多样，既可以结合单个泛素分子，也可以结合复杂的泛素聚合物，并且不同类型的泛素化通常会引起相应的细胞反应。研究工具和策略的发展提供了对以前不太了解的非典型泛素信号通路的更详细的了解。这里，提供了对非典型遍在蛋白链信号传导途径的理解的最新进展，并讨论了遍在蛋白系统的代表性研究工具的最新发展。此外，对泛素研究的未来挑战进行了反思和总结。