Abstract Bisphenols have drawn increasing attention from regulatory agencies and scientific communities due to their widespread occurrences, distribution and endocrine disrupting effects, and severe toxicity. As one of the bisphenol A (BPA) substitutes, bisphenol S (BPS) is most frequently detected in the environment. Although numerous studies have shown its occurrence, distribution, and toxicity to certain aquatic species, investigation on BPS removal from aqueous environments is lacking. Thus, in this review, we summarize the state-of-art about BPS removal approaches including biodegradation, sorption, and advanced oxidation processes. Particular attention has been paid to the BPS sorption mechanisms, active species for BPS biodegradation, and the corresponding degradation pathways. The primary degradation intermediates formed during BPS oxidation (e.g. p-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid) are discussed. The effects of solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, anion, and surfactants) on BPS decontamination are also emphasized. In addition, knowledge gaps, current challenges, and future research needs of BPS decontamination in real environments have been discussed briefly. Through this review we demonstrate the overarching scientific opportunities for a comprehensive understanding of the efficiency and mechanisms of the bio-and chemical remediation approaches of BPS contaminated water. Highlights Microplastics may become a new source of bisphenol S (BPS) in aquatic environment. BPS is biodegradable but it may take a long time. Major mechanisms for BPS sorption are summarized and discussed. BPS degradation mechanisms and pathways are summarized. Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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修复双酚 S (BPS) 污染水的批判性评论：功效和机制

摘要 双酚由于其广泛存在、分布和内分泌干扰作用以及严重的毒性而越来越受到监管机构和科学界的关注。作为双酚 A (BPA) 替代品之一，双酚 S (BPS) 在环境中最常被检测到。尽管大量研究表明 BPS 的发生、分布和对某些水生物种的毒性，但缺乏从水环境中去除 BPS 的研究。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了 BPS 去除方法的最新技术，包括生物降解、吸附和高级氧化过程。特别关注 BPS 吸附机制、BPS 生物降解的活性物质以及相应的降解途径。讨论了 BPS 氧化过程中形成的主要降解中间体（例如对羟基苯磺酸）。还强调了溶液化学（pH、离子强度、阴离子和表面活性剂）对 BPS 净化的影响。此外，还简要讨论了现实环境中 BPS 净化的知识差距、当前挑战和未来研究需求。通过这次审查，我们展示了全面了解 BPS 污染水的生物和化学修复方法的效率和机制的总体科学机会。亮点 微塑料可能成为水生环境中双酚 S (BPS) 的新来源。BPS 是可生物降解的，但可能需要很长时间。总结和讨论了 BPS 吸附的主要机制。总结了 BPS 降解机制和途径。图形概要