An attractive alternative to mitigate the adverse effects of conventional water-based fluids on the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing is to inject foam-based fracking fluids into reservoirs. The efficiency of foaming fluids in subsurface applications largely depends on the stability and transportation of foam bubbles in harsh environments with high temperature, pressure and salinity, all of which inevitably lead to poor foam properties and thus limit fracturing efficiency. The aim of this paper is to elaborate popular strategies of foam stabilization under reservoir conditions. Specifically, this review first discusses three major mechanisms governing foam decay and summarizes recent progress in research on these phenomena. Since surfactants, polymers, nanoparticles and their composites are popular options for foam stabilization, their stabilizing effects, especially the synergies in composites, are also reviewed. In addition to reporting experimental results, the paper also reports recent advances in interfacial properties via molecular dynamical simulation, which provide new insights into gas/liquid interfacial properties under the influence of surfactants at molecular scale. The results of both experiments and simulations indicate that foam additives play an essential role in foam stability and the synergic effects of surfactants and nanoparticles exhibit more favorable performance.

中文翻译：

---

在使用泡沫作为压裂液时泡沫稳定的不同策略。

减轻常规水基流体对水力压裂效率的不利影响的有吸引力的替代方法是将泡沫基压裂流体注入储层中。地下应用中发泡流体的效率在很大程度上取决于在高温，高压和高盐度的恶劣环境中泡沫气泡的稳定性和运输，所有这些不可避免地导致差的泡沫性能，从而限制了压裂效率。本文的目的是阐述在储层条件下泡沫稳定的流行策略。具体而言，本文首先讨论了控制泡沫衰减的三种主要机理，并总结了有关这些现象的最新研究进展。由于表面活性剂，聚合物，纳米颗粒及其复合物是泡沫稳定的普遍选择，还综述了它们的稳定作用，尤其是复合材料的协同作用。除了报告实验结果外，该论文还通过分子动力学模拟报告了界面性质的最新进展，这为在分子表面活性剂影响下的气/液界面性质提供了新的见解。实验和模拟的结果均表明，泡沫添加剂在泡沫稳定性中起着至关重要的作用，表面活性剂和纳米颗粒的协同作用表现出更有利的性能。在分子表面活性剂的影响下，它们为气/液界面性质提供了新的见解。实验和模拟的结果均表明，泡沫添加剂在泡沫稳定性中起着至关重要的作用，表面活性剂和纳米颗粒的协同作用表现出更有利的性能。这为在分子尺度上表面活性剂影响下的气/液界面性质提供了新的见解。实验和模拟的结果均表明，泡沫添加剂在泡沫稳定性中起着至关重要的作用，表面活性剂和纳米颗粒的协同作用表现出更有利的性能。