Recent advances in the generation of microglia from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided exciting new approaches to examine and decipher the biology of microglia. As these techniques continue to evolve to encompass more complex in situ and in vivo paradigms, so too have they begun to yield novel scientific insight into the genetics and function of human microglia. As such, researchers now have access to a toolset comprised of three unique "flavors" of iPSC-derived microglia: in vitro microglia (iMGs), organoid microglia (oMGs), and xenotransplanted microglia (xMGs). The goal of this review is to discuss the variety of research applications that each of these techniques enables and to highlight recent discoveries that these methods have begun to uncover. By presenting the research paradigms in which each model has been successful, as well as the key benefits and limitations of each approach, it is our hope that this review will help interested researchers to incorporate these techniques into their studies, collectively advancing our understanding of human microglia biology.

中文翻译：

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人类 iPSC 衍生的小胶质细胞：研究大脑先天免疫细胞的不断增长的工具集。

从人类诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC) 生成小胶质细胞的最新进展为检查和破译小胶质细胞的生物学提供了令人兴奋的新方法。随着这些技术不断发展以涵盖更复杂的原位和体内范例，它们也开始对人类小胶质细胞的遗传学和功能产生新的科学见解。因此，研究人员现在可以使用由 iPSC 衍生小胶质细胞的三种独特“风味”组成的工具集：体外小胶质细胞 (iMGs)、类器官小胶质细胞 (oMGs) 和异种移植小胶质细胞 (xMGs)。本综述的目的是讨论这些技术中的每一种所实现的各种研究应用，并强调这些方法已经开始揭示的最新发现。