1. Climate warming is expected to cause the poleward and upward elevational expansion of temperate plant species, but non‐climatic factors such as soils could constrain this range expansion. However, the extent to which edaphic constraints on range expansion have an abiotic (e.g. soil chemistry) or biotic (e.g. micro‐organisms) origin remains undetermined.
2. We conducted greenhouse experiments to test if the survival and growth of a major North American temperate tree species, Acer saccharum (sugar maple), is independently or jointly constrained by abiotic and biotic properties of field‐collected soils from within and beyond the species' elevational range.
3. Abiotic factors, particularly low base cation concentrations, were major constraints to seedling establishment in boreal forest soils (beyond the range edge), but insufficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum (biotic factor) also strongly reduced seedling performance in these soils.
4. Synthesis. Our results suggest that forecasting future changes in forest composition under climate warming requires consideration of soil properties as well as the mycorrhizal status of tree species.

中文翻译：

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土壤的非生物和生物特性限制了在寒带森林中建立优势温带树

1. 预计气候变暖将导致温带植物物种向极向上扩展，但非气候因素（例如土壤）可能会限制该范围扩展。但是，对范围扩展的前瞻性约束源自非生物（例如土壤化学）或生物（例如微生物）的程度尚不确定。
2. 我们进行温室试验，以测试是否生存和主要的北美温带树种的生长，糖槭（糖枫），独立或联合现场采集的土壤的非生物和生物特性，从内部和外部制约了这些物种的高程范围。
3. 非生物因素，尤其是低的碱性阳离子浓度，是限制北方森林土壤中幼苗生长的主要限制因素（超出范围边缘），但是丛枝菌根真菌接种物（生物因子）不足也严重降低了这些土壤中的幼苗性能。
4. 合成。我们的结果表明，预测气候变暖下森林组成的未来变化需要考虑土壤性质以及树种的菌根状况。