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Lead in drinking water at North Carolina childcare centers: Piloting a citizen science-based testing strategy.
Environmental Research ( IF 8.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-11 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109126
Jennifer Hoponick Redmon 1 , Keith E Levine 1 , Anna M Aceituno 1 , Kristin Litzenberger 1 , Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson 2
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Drinking water is a lingering hazard in the effort to eliminate childhood exposure to lead (Pb), a neurotoxin that affects cognitive and behavioral development. This study characterized Pb in municipal drinking water at North Carolina, US, childcare centers. The study also demonstrates a scalable, citizen science-based drinking water testing strategy for Pb at childcare centers. METHODS Licensed childcare centers in four North Carolina counties were recruited. One administrator per center completed a survey and was trained to collect first-draw drinking water samples in their center. Samples were shipped with pre-paid labels for laboratory analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multilevel logistic regression and Bayesian network analysis were used to identify factors associated with a risk of exceeding the 1 μg/L American Academy of Pediatrics reference level and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 15 μg/L treatment-based action level. Results were provided to centers along with risk mitigation recommendations. RESULTS Of 103 enrolled centers, 86 completed the study, submitting 1,266 drinking water samples in total. Approximately 77% of drinking water samples contained detectable Pb (≥0.1 μg/L), and 97% of centers had at least one drinking water sample with detectable Pb. More than 63% of centers had at least one drinking water sample with >1 μg/L Pb, and 17% of centers had at least one drinking water sample with Pb above 15 μg/L. There was high variability in Pb concentrations at water points within the same center. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated a high prevalence and variability of Pb in first-draw samples of drinking water at childcare centers in North Carolina, US. Results underscore the importance of testing for Pb at every tap used for drinking and cooking in childcare centers. The use of employees as citizen scientists is a feasible strategy to identify Pb in specific drinking water taps.

中文翻译:

北卡罗莱纳州儿童保育中心的饮用水主管:制定基于公民科学的测试策略。

背景技术在消除童年时期接触铅(Pb)的努力中,饮用水是挥之不去的危害,铅是一种影响认知和行为发展的神经毒素。这项研究对美国北卡罗莱纳州托儿中心的市政饮用水中的铅进行了表征。这项研究还证明了育儿中心对铅的可扩展的,基于公民科学的饮用水测试策略。方法招募了北卡罗来纳州四个县的持照托儿中心。每个中心一名管理员完成了一项调查,并接受了培训以收集其中心中的第一批饮用水样本。样品带有预付费标签,用于使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行实验室分析。使用多级logistic回归和贝叶斯网络分析来确定与超过1μg/ L美国儿科学会参考水平和美国环境保护署(US EPA)15μg/ L基于治疗的行动水平有关的风险相关因素。将结果与降低风险的建议一起提供给中心。结果在103个招募中心中,有86个完成了研究,总共提交了1,266个饮用水样品。大约77%的饮用水样品中含有可检测到的Pb(≥0.1μg/ L),而97%的中心至少有一个饮用水中含有可检测到的Pb。超过63%的中心至少有一个饮用水样品中Pb大于1μg/ L,而17%的中心至少有一个饮用水样品中Pb大于15μg/ L。在同一中心内的水位,铅的浓度变化很大。讨论本研究表明,美国北卡罗莱纳州托儿中心的第一批饮用水样本中铅的患病率和变异性很高。结果强调了在托儿所用于饮用和烹饪的每个水龙头上测试Pb的重要性。使用雇员作为公民科学家是在特定饮用水水龙头中鉴定铅的可行策略。
更新日期:2020-01-13
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