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Clinical pharmacokinetics of 3-h extended infusion of meropenem in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: implications for empirical therapy against Gram-negative bacteria.
Annals of Intensive Care ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-10 , DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0622-8
Amol T Kothekar 1 , Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia 2 , Sheila Nainan Myatra 2 , Anand Patil 3 , Manjunath Nookala Krishnamurthy 3 , Harish Mallapura Maheshwarappa 4 , Suhail Sarwar Siddiqui 5 , Murari Gurjar 3 , Sanjay Biswas 6 , Vikram Gota 3
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Optimal anti-bacterial activity of meropenem requires maintenance of its plasma concentration (Cp) above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen for at least 40% of the dosing interval (fT > MIC > 40). We aimed to determine whether a 3-h extended infusion (EI) of meropenem achieves fT > MIC > 40 on the first and third days of therapy in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. We also simulated the performance of the EI with respect to other pharmacokinetic (PK) targets such as fT > 4 × MIC > 40, fT > MIC = 100, and fT > 4 × MIC = 100. METHODS Arterial blood samples of 25 adults with severe sepsis or septic shock receiving meropenem 1000 mg as a 3-h EI eight hourly (Q8H) were obtained at various intervals during and after the first and seventh doses. Plasma meropenem concentrations were determined using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay, followed by modeling and simulation of PK data. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) definitions of MIC breakpoints for sensitive and resistant Gram-negative bacteria were used. RESULTS A 3-h EI of meropenem 1000 mg Q8H achieved fT > 2 µg/mL > 40 on the first and third days, providing activity against sensitive strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. However, it failed to achieve fT > 4 µg/mL > 40 to provide activity against strains susceptible to increased exposure in 33.3 and 39.1% patients on the first and the third days, respectively. Modeling and simulation showed that a bolus dose of 500 mg followed by 3-h EI of meropenem 1500 mg Q8H will achieve this target. A bolus of 500 mg followed by an infusion of 2000 mg would be required to achieve fT > 8 µg > 40. Targets of fT > 4 µg/mL = 100 and fT > 8 µg/mL = 100 may be achievable in two-thirds of patients by increasing the frequency of dosing to six hourly (Q6H). CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, EI of 1000 mg of meropenem over 3 h administered Q8H is inadequate to provide activity (fT > 4 µg/mL > 40) against strains susceptible to increased exposure, which requires a bolus of 500 mg followed by EI of 1500 mg Q8H. While fT > 8 µg/mL > 40 require escalation of EI dose, fT > 4 µg/mL = 100 and fT > 8 µg/mL = 100 require escalation of both EI dose and frequency.

中文翻译:

成人严重脓毒症和败血性休克患者美罗培南3 h延长输注的临床药代动力学:对革兰氏阴性细菌的经验疗法的意义。

背景技术美罗培南的最佳抗菌活性需要在至少40%的给药间隔(fT> MIC> 40)内维持其血浆浓度(Cp)高于病原体的最小抑制浓度(MIC)。我们旨在确定严重脓毒症或败血性休克患者在治疗的第一天和第三天,美洛培南的3小时延长输注(EI)是否达到fT> MIC> 40。我们还针对其他药代动力学(PK)目标(例如fT> 4×MIC> 40,fT> MIC = 100和fT> 4×MIC = 100)模拟了EI的性能。方法25名成人的动脉血样本在第一个和第七个剂量期间和之后的不同时间间隔,接受重症败血症或脓毒性休克,接受美罗培南1000 mg的3-h EI(八小时),每8小时一次。使用反相高效液相色谱测定法测定血浆美洛培南的浓度,然后对PK数据进行建模和模拟。使用了欧洲抗菌药物敏感性试验委员会(EUCAST)对敏感和耐药革兰氏阴性细菌MIC断裂点的定义。结果美罗培南1000 mg Q8H的3 h EI在第一天和第三天达到fT> 2 µg / mL> 40,对肠杆菌,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的敏感菌株具有活性。但是,在第一天和第三天,分别有33.3%和39.1%的患者无法达到fT> 4 µg / mL> 40的活性以抵抗易受暴露增加影响的菌株。建模和仿真表明,推注剂量为500 mg,然后进行3小时EI的美罗培南1500 mg Q8H可以达到此目标。要使fT> 8 µg> 40,需要推注500 mg再输注2000 mg。三分之二的fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100的目标通过将给药频率增加到每小时六个小时(Q6H)来减少患者的负担。结论对于患有严重败血症或败血性休克的患者,在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量,而fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100则需要提高EI剂量和频率。要使fT> 8 µg> 40,需要推注500 mg再输注2000 mg。三分之二的fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100的目标通过将给药频率增加到每小时六个小时(Q6H)来减少患者的负担。结论对于患有严重败血症或败血性休克的患者,在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量,而fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100则需要提高EI剂量和频率。要使fT> 8 µg> 40,需要推注500 mg再输注2000 mg。三分之二的fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100的目标通过将给药频率增加到每小时六个小时(Q6H)来减少患者的负担。结论对于患有严重败血症或败血性休克的患者,在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量,而fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100则需要提高EI剂量和频率。通过将给药频率增加到每小时六小时(Q6H),三分之二的患者可以达到4 µg / mL = 100且fT> 8 µg / mL = 100。结论对于患有严重败血症或败血性休克的患者,在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。当fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量时,fT> 4 µg / mL = 100而fT> 8 µg / mL = 100需要同时提高EI剂量和频率。通过将给药频率增加到每小时六小时(Q6H),三分之二的患者可以达到4 µg / mL = 100且fT> 8 µg / mL = 100。结论对于患有严重败血症或败血性休克的患者,在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量,而fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100则需要提高EI剂量和频率。在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),这需要推注500 mg推注,然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。当fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量时,fT> 4 µg / mL = 100而fT> 8 µg / mL = 100需要同时提高EI剂量和频率。在Q8H的3小时内给予1000 mg美罗培南的EI不足以提供对暴露量增加敏感的菌株的活性(fT> 4 µg / mL> 40),需要推注500 mg推注,然后EI为1500 mg Q8H。fT> 8 µg / mL> 40需要提高EI剂量,而fT> 4 µg / mL = 100和fT> 8 µg / mL = 100则需要提高EI剂量和频率。
更新日期:2020-01-11
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