Plasmodium spp. parasites are the causative agents of malaria in humans and animals, and they are exceptionally diverse in their morphology and life cycles. They grow and develop in a wide range of host environments, both within blood-feeding mosquitoes, their definitive hosts, and in vertebrates, which are intermediate hosts. This diversity is testament to their exceptional adaptability and poses a major challenge for developing effective strategies to reduce the disease burden and transmission. Following one asexual amplification cycle in the liver, parasites reach high burdens by rounds of asexual replication within red blood cells. A few of these blood-stage parasites make a developmental switch into the sexual stage (or gametocyte), which is essential for transmission. The bone marrow, in particular the haematopoietic niche (in rodents, also the spleen), is a major site of parasite growth and sexual development. This Review focuses on our current understanding of blood-stage parasite development and vascular and tissue sequestration, which is responsible for disease symptoms and complications, and when involving the bone marrow, provides a niche for asexual replication and gametocyte development. Understanding these processes provides an opportunity for novel therapies and interventions.

中文翻译：

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宿主造血生态位中的疟原虫无性生长和有性发育。

疟原虫属 寄生虫是人类和动物疟疾的病原体，它们的形态和生命周期异常多样。它们在广泛的宿主环境中生长和发育，既有吸血蚊子的终宿主，也有脊椎动物的中间宿主。这种多样性证明了它们非凡的适应性，并对制定减少疾病负担和传播的有效战略提出了重大挑战。在肝脏中进行一个无性扩增循环后，寄生虫通过红细胞内的多轮无性复制达到高负荷。这些血期寄生虫中的一些会发育转变为有性阶段（或配子体），这对于传播至关重要。骨髓，特别是造血生态位（在啮齿动物中，也称为脾脏），是寄生虫生长和性发育的主要场所。这篇综述侧重于我们目前对血液阶段寄生虫发育和血管和组织隔离的理解，这是造成疾病症状和并发症的原因，并且当涉及骨髓时，为无性复制和配子体发育提供了一个利基。了解这些过程为新疗法和干预措施提供了机会。