Emerging transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets, such as WS2 nanosheets, have shown tremendous potential for use in many fields such as intelligent manufacturing and environmental protection. However, considerable knowledge gaps still exist regarding the impact of TMDCs on environmental risks, especially risks involving organic pollutants. Here, a synergistic toxicity between WS2 nanosheets and organic pollutants (triclosan or tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) was found using the median-effect and combination index equations. In particular, the effect of synergy had a higher magnitude at low cytotoxicity levels and a noncytotoxic concentration of WS2 nanosheets clearly enhanced the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of organic pollutants. On the one hand, WS2 nanosheets damaged the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, resulting in increased membrane permeability and organic pollutant uptake. On the other hand, as shown by fluorescence substrate accumulation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, WS2 nanosheets affected the secondary structure of the efflux pumps and competitively bound with efflux pumps, blocking xenobiotic removal. This work emphasized that TMDCs, especially at the noncytotoxic level, in combination with organic pollutants caused damage that cannot be ignored, providing insight into comprehensive safety assessment and the specific toxicological mechanisms of TMDCs that accompany organic pollutant exposure.

中文翻译：

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WS2纳米片在无细胞毒性浓度时，通过扰动血浆膜和外排泵来增强有机污染物的细胞毒性。

WS2纳米片等新兴的过渡金属二硫化碳（TMDC）纳米片已显示出在许多领域（如智能制造和环境保护）中使用的巨大潜力。但是，关于TMDC对环境风险，特别是涉及有机污染物的风险的影响，仍然存在相当多的知识空白。在这里，使用中值效应和组合指数方程式，发现了WS2纳米片与有机污染物（三氯生或磷酸三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯）之间的协同毒性。特别是，在低细胞毒性水平下，协同作用的影响更大，WS2纳米片的非细胞毒性浓度明显增强了有机污染物的细胞毒性和细胞内积累。一方面，WS2纳米片破坏了质膜和细胞骨架，导致增加的膜渗透性和有机污染物的吸收。另一方面，如荧光底物积累实验和分子动力学模拟所示，WS2纳米片影响外排泵的二级结构，并与外排泵竞争性结合，从而阻止了异源生物的去除。这项工作强调，TMDC，特别是在无细胞毒性的水平上，与有机污染物结合会造成不可忽视的损害，从而为全面的安全评估和伴随有机污染物暴露的TMDC的特定毒理学机制提供了见识。WS2纳米片影响外排泵的二级结构，并与外排泵竞争性结合，从而阻止异种生物的去除。这项工作强调，TMDC，特别是在无细胞毒性的水平上，与有机污染物结合会造成不可忽视的损害，从而为全面的安全评估和伴随有机污染物暴露的TMDC的特定毒理学机制提供了见识。WS2纳米片影响外排泵的二级结构，并与外排泵竞争性结合，从而阻止异种生物的去除。这项工作强调，TMDC，特别是在无细胞毒性的水平上，与有机污染物结合会造成不可忽视的损害，从而为全面的安全评估和伴随有机污染物暴露的TMDC的特定毒理学机制提供了见识。