Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have been widely used for bone regeneration because of their ability to induce osteogenesis. Surface properties, including chemical composition and surface structure, are known to play a crucial role in osteoconduction and osteoinduction. This review systematically analyzes the effects of surface properties, in particular the surface structure, of CaP scaffolds on cell behavior and new bone formation. We also summarize the possible signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells when cultured on surfaces with various structures in vitro. The significant immune response initiated by surface structure involved in osteogenic differentiation of cells is also discussed in this review. Taken together, the new biological principle for advanced biomaterials is not only to directly stimulate osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells but also to modulate the immune response in vivo. Although the reaction mechanism responsible for bone formation induced by CaP surface structure is not clear yet, the insights on surface structure-mediated osteogenic differentiation and osteoimmunomodulation could aid the optimization of CaP-based biomaterials for bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: CaP ceramics have similar inorganic composition with natural bone, which have been widely used for bone tissue scaffolds. CaP themselves are not osteoinductive; however, osteoinductive properties could be introduced to CaP materials by surface engineering. This paper systematically summarizes the effects of surface properties, especially surface structure, of CaP scaffolds on bone formation. Additionally, increasing evidence has proved that the bone healing process is not only affected by the osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells, but also relevant to the the cooperation of immune system. Thus, we further review the possible signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic differentiation and immune response of cells cultured on scaffold surface. These insights into surface structure-mediated osteogenic differentiation and osteoimmunomodulated-based strategy could aid the optimization of CaP-based biomaterials.

中文翻译：

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磷酸钙表面结构在成骨中的作用及其所涉及的机制。

磷酸钙（CaP）陶瓷由于具有诱导成骨的能力而被广泛用于骨骼再生。已知包括化学成分和表面结构在内的表面性质在骨传导和骨诱导中起关键作用。这篇综述系统地分析了CaP支架的表面特性，特别是表面结构对细胞行为和新骨形成的影响。我们还总结了体外培养具有各种结构的表面时，可能涉及骨相关细胞的成骨分化的信号通路。在这篇综述中也讨论了由参与细胞成骨分化的表面结构引发的重要免疫反应。在一起 先进生物材料的新生物学原理不仅是直接刺激骨相关细胞的成骨分化，而且是在体内调节免疫反应。尽管尚不清楚由CaP表面结构引起的骨形成的反应机理，但对表面结构介导的成骨分化和骨免疫调节的见解可以帮助优化基于CaP的生物材料进行骨再生。意义声明：CaP陶瓷具有与天然骨骼相似的无机成分，已被广泛用于骨骼组织支架。CaP本身不是骨诱导性的。然而，可以通过表面工程将骨诱导性能引入CaP材料。本文系统地总结了表面特性，尤其是表面结构的影响，CaP支架对骨形成的影响。另外，越来越多的证据证明，骨愈合过程不仅受骨相关细胞成骨分化的影响，而且还与免疫系统的协同作用有关。因此，我们进一步审查了可能的信号通路参与支架表面培养的细胞的成骨分化和免疫反应。这些对表面结构介导的成骨分化和基于骨免疫调节的策略的见解可以帮助优化基于CaP的生物材料。我们进一步审查了可能的信号通路参与支架表面培养的细胞的成骨分化和免疫反应。这些对表面结构介导的成骨分化和基于骨免疫调节的策略的见解可以帮助优化基于CaP的生物材料。我们进一步审查了可能的信号通路参与支架表面培养的细胞的成骨分化和免疫反应。这些对表面结构介导的成骨分化和基于骨免疫调节的策略的见解可以帮助优化基于CaP的生物材料。