This study is a pilot exploration to develop rigorous, green, intellectualized approach for optimal controlling the 3D concrete printing. The mechanical performances of 3D printed samples during super-early age, early age, and hardened state are tested and monitored using piezoelectric zirconate titanate (PZT) patches. EMI sensing technique is applied to quantify stiffness gain of printed concrete to evaluate the structural build-up behaviour by establishing the instant correlation between the stiffness of concrete and the EMI signatures. An optimization method for printing process based on EMI detection is proposed. In this way, the PZT signals can be feedback to the digital control system of printer in real time to adjust the printing setting. Instant intellectualization for the 3D printing technique is then realized and the buildability of the printed concrete is expected to be improved. The different early age properties of both printed and casted composites are elaborated. Thereafter, changes of frequency and amplitude in the conductance spectrum acquired by mounted PZT patches are employed to characterize and quantify the mechanical behaviours of the 3D printed samples exposed to orthogonal loadings, which contribute to the understanding of damage accumulation and failure process of concrete materials.

这项研究是一项探索性探索，旨在开发出严格的，绿色的，智能化的方法来最佳地控制3D混凝土打印。使用压电锆钛酸钛（PZT）贴片测试和监控3D打印样品在超早期，早期和硬化状态下的机械性能。EMI传感技术被用于量化印刷混凝土的刚度增益，以通过建立混凝土的刚度与EMI特征之间的即时相关性来评估结构堆积行为。提出了一种基于EMI检测的印刷工艺优化方法。这样，PZT信号可以实时反馈到打印机的数字控制系统，以调整打印设置。然后，实现了3D打印技术的即时智能化，并有望提高打印混凝土的可建造性。阐述了印刷复合材料和铸造复合材料的不同早期性能。此后，通过安装的PZT贴片获得的电导谱的频率和幅度变化被用来表征和量化暴露于正交载荷下的3D打印样品的机械性能，这有助于理解混凝土材料的损伤累积和破坏过程。