BACKGROUND Odor identification deficits occur in individuals with schizophrenia and their unaffected first-degree relatives, while deficits are less pronounced in individuals with bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that children at familial high-risk for schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) show odor identification deficits compared to population-based controls and that children at familial high-risk for bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) perform intermediate. METHODS Odor identification was assessed at age 7 in 184 children with FHR-SZ, 106 children with FHR-BP, and 186 population-based controls with the Brief Smell Identification Test. Dimensional and predefined categorical outcomes were used in the analyses. Potential relationships with psychopathological, cognitive, and home environmental variables were conducted using hierarchical and logistic multiple regression analyses. RESULTS ANOVA revealed no between-group differences in odor identification. Using the recommended cut-off (below 5), we found a significantly greater proportion of boys at FHR-SZ than population-based boys with an abnormal odor identification (p = .013). However, a supplementary analysis using a Danish-based cut-off (below 4) did not support this. All children showed significant, positive associations of odor identification with female gender, social responsiveness, and verbal working memory. Lower social responsiveness predicted abnormal odor identification in boys at FHR-SZ, only using the recommended cut-off. CONCLUSIONS Odor identification efficacy and risk status appear independent in this early developmental phase. Using the recommended threshold, abnormal odor identification is more frequent in young boys at FHR-SZ than in population-based boys and is linked to lower social responsiveness. The validity of these results is questioned by non-significant differences in the rates when using an exploratory Danish-based threshold.

中文翻译：

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精神分裂症或双相情感障碍家族性高风险 7 岁儿童的气味识别 - 丹麦高风险和弹性研究 VIA 7

背景气味识别缺陷发生在精神分裂症患者及其未受影响的一级亲属中，而双相情感障碍患者的气味识别缺陷不太明显。我们假设与基于人群的对照相比，精神分裂症家族性高危儿童 (FHR-SZ) 表现出气味识别缺陷，而双相情感障碍家族性高危儿童 (FHR-BP) 表现中等。方法 在 7 岁时，对 184 名 FHR-SZ 儿童、106 名 FHR-BP 儿童和 186 名基于人群的对照进行了短暂气味识别测试，对气味识别进行了评估。分析中使用了维度和预定义的分类结果。与精神病理学、认知、和家庭环境变量使用分层和逻辑多元回归分析进行。结果方差分析显示气味识别没有组间差异。使用推荐的临界值（低于 5），我们发现 FHR-SZ 的男孩比例明显高于具有异常气味识别的人群男孩（p = .013）。然而，使用基于丹麦的截止值（低于 4）的补充分析不支持这一点。所有儿童都表现出气味识别与女性性别、社会反应能力和语言工作记忆的显着正相关。仅使用推荐的临界值，较低的社会反应能力预测 FHR-SZ 男孩的异常气味识别。结论 在这个早期发育阶段，气味识别功效和风险状态似乎是独立的。使用推荐的阈值，在 FHR-SZ 的小男孩中，异常气味识别比在人群中的男孩更频繁，并且与较低的社会反应有关。当使用基于丹麦的探索性阈值时，这些结果的有效性受到比率的非显着差异的质疑。