A novel iterative convex optimization approach is proposed for the synthesis of low-sidelobe 4-D heterogeneous arrays in the presence of mutual coupling effect. To realize wide bandwidth and wide-angle scanning, a tightly coupled dipole element (TCDE) is selected as the basic element. Due to the strong coupling between antenna elements, the active element pattern (AEP) and active reflection coefficient (ARC) are included in the proposed approach in order to evaluate the overall mutual coupling and port matching. Specifically, a nonconvex programming problem in terms of the given maximum sidelobe level (SLL), the ARC or reflected power at the center frequency, and the given maximum sideband level (SBL) at sidebands is established. After the application of some mathematical transformations, the nonconvex programming problem is decomposed into a convex optimization problem at the center frequency and an iterative convex problem (ICP) at sidebands. Owing to the efficiency of the convex optimization, the two problems can be efficiently solved. The proposed approach is applied to synthesize low-sidelobe patterns while minimizing the SBL in a 32-element cone-shaped 4-D heterogeneous array. The simulated and measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show the advantages (improved gain) of the heterogeneous array.

中文翻译：

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使用迭代凸优化合成包括相互耦合的低旁瓣 4D 异构天线阵列

提出了一种新的迭代凸优化方法，用于在存在互耦效应的情况下合成低旁瓣 4-D 异构阵列。为了实现宽带宽和广角扫描，选择紧耦合偶极元件（TCDE）作为基本元件。由于天线元件之间的强耦合，有源元件方向图 (AEP) 和有源反射系数 (ARC) 包含在所提出的方法中，以评估整体互耦合和端口匹配。具体而言，根据给定的最大旁瓣电平 (SLL)、中心频率处的 ARC 或反射功率以及边带处的给定最大边带电平 (SBL)，建立了非凸规划问题。在应用了一些数学变换之后，非凸规划问题分解为中心频率的凸优化问题和边带的迭代凸问题（ICP）。由于凸优化的效率，可以有效地解决这两个问题。所提出的方法用于合成低旁瓣模式，同时最小化 32 元素锥形 4-D 异构阵列中的 SBL。仿真和测量结果验证了所提出方法的有效性，并展示了异构阵列的优势（提高的增益）。所提出的方法用于合成低旁瓣模式，同时最小化 32 元素锥形 4-D 异构阵列中的 SBL。仿真和测量结果验证了所提出方法的有效性，并展示了异构阵列的优势（提高的增益）。所提出的方法用于合成低旁瓣模式，同时最小化 32 元素锥形 4-D 异构阵列中的 SBL。仿真和测量结果验证了所提出方法的有效性，并展示了异构阵列的优势（提高的增益）。