Continuous surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in endemic settings such as West Africa is imperative to support improved local and regional control plans, with the long-term goal of regional eradication. This paper describes the genetic characterization of FMD viruses (FMDV) obtained from outbreaks in Nigeria (n = 45) and Cameroon (n = 15) during 2016 and from archival samples (n = 3) retrieved from a 2014 outbreak in Nigeria. These viruses were analysed in the context of previously published FMDV sequences from the region. Four FMDV serotypes: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate the continuity of FMDV serotype O East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), serotype A AFRICA genotype G-IV (A/AFRICA/G-IV) and serotype South African Territories (SAT) 2 lineage VII (SAT2/VII). The FMDV SAT1 topotype X (SAT1/X), which emerged in Nigeria in 2015, continued to be associated with outbreaks in the region during 2016, and SAT1 is reported for the first time from Cameroon. Additionally, a re-emergence or re-introduction of the serotype O West Africa (O/WA) topotype in Nigeria is described herein. Our findings indicate a consistent, pan-serotypic relationship between FMDV strains detected in Cameroon and Nigeria. Additionally, FMDV strains from West Africa obtained in this study were genetically related to those occurring in East and North Africa. These phylogenetic relationships suggest that animal movements (pastoralism and/or trade) are important factors for virus spread across the African continent. These data provide critical baselines which are a necessary component of Stages 0 and 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD). Specifically, characterizing the existing virus strains (risk) provides the basis for the comprehensive risk-based control plan which is the requisite criteria for Nigeria's transition to Stage 2 of PCP-FMD, and for coordinated regional control of FMD.

中文翻译：

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2016年尼日利亚和喀麦隆跨界口蹄疫病毒特征分析。

必须在西非这样的地方性地区持续监测口蹄疫（FMD），以支持改善地方和区域控制计划，并实现区域根除的长期目标。本文描述了从2016年在尼日利亚（n = 45）和喀麦隆（n = 15）爆发中获得的口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）的遗传特征，以及从2014年尼日利亚爆发中获取的档案样本（n = 3）获得的遗传特征。在该地区先前发布的FMDV序列的背景下分析了这些病毒。检测到四种FMDV血清型：O，A，SAT1和SAT2。VP1编码序列的系统进化分析表明，FMDV血清型为O东非3（O / EA-3），A型非洲AFRICA基因型为G-IV（A / AFRICA / G-IV）和南非地区（SAT）血清型2世系VII（SAT2 / VII）。FMDV SAT1假型X（SAT1 / X）于2015年在尼日利亚出现，2016年继续与该地区的暴发相关，喀麦隆首次报道了SAT1。另外，本文描述了尼日利亚的血清型O西非（O / WA）拓扑型的重新出现或重新引入。我们的发现表明在喀麦隆和尼日利亚检测到的FMDV菌株之间存在一致的泛血清型关系。另外，在这项研究中获得的来自西非的FMDV毒株与在东非和北非发生的那些在遗传上相关。这些系统发育关系表明，动物运动（畜牧业和/或贸易）是病毒在非洲大陆传播的重要因素。这些数据提供了关键的基线，这些基线是FMD（PCP-FMD）渐进控制途径的阶段0和1的必要组成部分。具体而言，对现有病毒株（风险）进行表征，为基于风险的综合控制计划奠定了基础，这是尼日利亚过渡到PCP-FMD的第二阶段以及对口蹄疫进行区域协调控制的必要标准。