Taxonomies of human memory, influenced heavily by Endel Tulving, make a fundamental distinction between explicit and implicit memory. Humans are aware of explicit memories, whereas implicit memories control behavior even though we are not aware of them. Efforts to understand the evolution of memory, and to use nonhuman animals to model human memory, will be facilitated by better understanding the extent to which this critical distinction exists in nonhuman animals. Work with metacognition paradigms in the past 20 years has produced a strong case for the existence of explicit memory in nonhuman primates and possibly other nonhuman animals. Clear dissociations of explicit and implicit memory by metacognition have yet to be demonstrated in nonhumans, although dissociations between memory systems by other behavioral techniques, and by brain manipulations, suggest that the explicit-implicit distinction applies to nonhumans. Neurobehavioral studies of metamemory are beginning to identify neural substrates for memory monitoring in the frontal cortex of monkeys. We have strong evidence that at least some memory systems are explicit in rhesus monkeys, but we need to learn more about the distribution of explicit processes across cognitive systems within monkeys, and across species.

中文翻译：

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猴子的外显记忆和认知。

受恩德尔·图尔文 (Endel Tulving) 严重影响的人类记忆分类法在显性记忆和隐性记忆之间做出了根本性的区分。人类知道外显记忆，而内隐记忆控制行为，即使我们不知道它们。通过更好地理解这种关键区别在非人类动物中存在的程度，将有助于理解记忆的进化并使用非人类动物来模拟人类记忆。在过去的 20 年中，元认知范式的研究为非人类灵长类动物和可能的其他非人类动物中存在外显记忆提供了有力的证据。元认知对外显和内隐记忆的明确分离尚未在非人类中得到证明，尽管其他行为技术在记忆系统之间的分离，并通过大脑操作，表明显性与隐性的区别适用于非人类。元记忆的神经行为研究开始确定猴子额叶皮层中用于记忆监测的神经基质。我们有强有力的证据表明，在恒河猴中至少有一些记忆系统是外显的，但我们需要更多地了解外显过程在猴子内部和跨物种的认知系统中的分布。