Water quality standards for cobalt (Co) have not been developed for the European Union or United States. The objective of the present study was to produce freshwater Co toxicity data that could be used by both the European Union and the United States to develop appropriate regulatory standards (i.e., environmental quality standards or predicted-no-effect concentrations in Europe and ambient water quality criteria or state water quality standards in the United States). Eleven species, including algae, an aquatic plant, and several invertebrate and fish species, were used in the performance of acute and chronic Co toxicity tests. Acute median lethal or median effective concentration (LC50 or EC50) values ranged from 90.1 µg Co/L for duckweed (Lemna minor) to 157 000 µg Co/L for midges (Chironomus tentans). Chronic 10% effect concentration (EC10) values ranged from 4.9 µg Co/L for duckweed to 2170 µg Co/L for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chronic 20% effect concentration (EC20) values ranged from 11.1 µg Co/L for water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) to 2495 µg Co/L for O. mykiss. Results indicated that invertebrate and algae/plant species are more sensitive to chronic Co exposures than fish. Acute-to-chronic ratios (derived as acute LC50s divided by chronic EC20s) were lowest for juvenile O. mykiss (0.6) and highest for the snail Lymnaea stagnalis (2670). Following the European-based approach and using EC10 values, species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were developed and a median hazardous concentration for 5% of the organisms of 1.80 µg Co/L was derived. Chronic EC20 values were used, also in an SSD approach, to derive a US Environmental Protection Agency-style final chronic value of 7.13 µg Co/L. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;00:1-13. © 2020 SETAC.

中文翻译：

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钴对淡水生物的急性和慢性毒性：使用物种敏感性分布方法建立国际水质标准。

欧盟或美国尚未制定钴的水质标准。本研究的目的是产生淡水Co毒性数据，欧盟和美国都可以使用该数据来制定适当的监管标准（例如，环境质量标准或欧洲的预期无影响浓度和环境水质标准或美国的州水质标准）。包括藻类，一种水生植物以及几种无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的11种物种被用于进行急性和慢性Co毒性测试。急性致死或中位有效浓度（LC50或EC50）的值范围从浮萍（Lemna minor）的90.1 µg Co / L到mid（Chironomus tentans）的157 000 µg Co / L。慢性10％效应浓度（EC10）值的范围从浮萍的4.9 µg Co / L到虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的2170 µg Co / L。慢性20％效应浓度（EC20）值的范围从对于水蚤（Ceriodaphnia dubia）的11.1 µg Co / L到对拟南芥（O. mykiss）的2495 µg Co / L。结果表明，与鱼类相比，无脊椎动物和藻类/植物物种对慢性Co暴露更敏感。幼时O. mykiss的急性与慢性比率（以急性LC50除以慢性EC20）最低，而蜗牛田螺（Lymnaea stagnalis）最高（2670）。遵循基于欧洲的方法并使用EC10值，开发了物种敏感度分布（SSD），并得出了5％生物的中值危险浓度为1.80 µg Co / L。在SSD方法中也使用了慢性EC20值，得出美国环境保护署式的最终慢性值为7.13 µg Co / L。环境毒性化学2020; 00：1-13。©2020 SETAC。