Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal states, motor activity and neuromodulatory input. These influences converge to a common set of mechanisms for gain modulation, including GABAergic inhibition, synaptically driven fluctuations in membrane potential, changes in cellular conductance and changes in other biophysical neural properties. Recent work has identified GABAergic interneurons as targets of neuromodulatory input and mediators of state-dependent gain modulation. Here, we review the engagement and effects of gain modulation in the cortex. We highlight key recent findings that link phenomenological observations of gain modulation to underlying cellular and circuit-level mechanisms. Finally, we place these cellular and circuit interactions in the larger context of their impact on perception and cognition.

中文翻译：

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皮层增益调制的潜在机制。

皮质增益调节允许神经元对不断变化的输入做出适应性反应。神经增益受内部和外部影响的调节，包括注意力和唤醒状态、运动活动和神经调节输入。这些影响汇聚到一组常见的增益调节机制，包括 GABA 能抑制、突触驱动的膜电位波动、细胞电导的变化和其他生物物理神经特性的变化。最近的工作已将 GABA 能中间神经元确定为神经调节输入的目标和状态相关增益调节的介质。在这里，我们回顾了皮层中增益调制的参与和影响。我们强调了最近的关键发现，这些发现将增益调制的现象学观察与潜在的细胞和电路级机制联系起来。最后，