Potential health hazards of nanomaterials on male reproductive system have received raising concerns. Even though Mn3O4 nanoparticles (Mn3O4-NPs) is highly effective in clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications of human disease, its potential toxic effect on the male reproductive system has not been reported. In this study, the testis damage and fertility decrease of male rats were conducted to testify the experimental reproductive injury induced by Mn3O4-NPs. After repeated tail vein injection with 10 mg/kg/week Mn3O4-NPs for 0, 60 and 120 days, Mn3O4-NPs accumulated in the testes resulted in oxidative stress and disorder of normal serum sex hormones. Experiments in vivo and in vitro indicated that mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis were triggered via oxidative stress, demonstrated by the upregulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Notably, Mn3O4-NPs significantly resulted in a reduction of the quantity/quality of sperm and finally caused astonishing fertility decrease. Our preliminary result implied that the application of Mn3O4-NPs could be a double-edged sword and careful consideration should be given to the clinical uses.

中文翻译：

---

重复施用Mn3O4纳米颗粒会导致睾丸损伤，并通过PPAR信号传导途径降低生育能力。

纳米材料对男性生殖系统的潜在健康危害日益引起人们的关注。尽管Mn3O4纳米颗粒（Mn3O4-NPs）在人类疾病的临床诊断和治疗应用中非常有效，但尚未报道其对雄性生殖系统的潜在毒性作用。在这项研究中，进行了雄性大鼠睾丸损伤和生育力降低，以证明Mn3O4-NPs引起的实验性生殖损伤。在重复尾静脉注射10 mg / kg /周的Mn3O4-NPs 0、60和120天后，睾丸中积累的Mn3O4-NPs导致氧化应激和正常血清性激素紊乱。体内和体外实验表明，线粒体介导的细胞凋亡是通过氧化应激触发的，通过丙二醛（MDA）的上调和线粒体膜电位的去极化来证明。值得注意的是，Mn3O4-NPs明显导致精子数量/质量的下降，并最终导致令人惊讶的生育力下降。我们的初步结果表明，Mn3O4-NPs的应用可能是一把双刃剑，应仔细考虑其临床用途。