Cities are major drivers of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions--the sources of anthropocentric climate change, whilst also concentrating people, buildings, and infrastructures and therefore potential risk and impacts of the latter. As a consequence, planning for climate change in urban areas does not only provide the opportunity but should necessitate considering interactions between mitigation and adaptation actions. However, existing research found that only a minority of urban areas consider both mitigation and adaptation in their climate action plans, i.e. 147 Climate Change Action Plans (CCAPs) were identified among a representative sample of 885 European cities. We investigate these 147 CCAPs to understand the degree of integration of adaptation and mitigation and draw implications for the maximization of synergies and co-benefits of such a combined approach. Using the developed scoring framework to evaluate the level of integration of CCAPs, the research finds that most of the plans reveal a ‘moderate’ level of integration. Moderate integration characterizes a plan that identifies sources of emissions and vulnerabilities to climate change, as well as some qualitative consideration of the synergies, but one that lacks a systematic consideration of potential integration opportunities. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that one of the main gaps of the evaluation and implementation of more integrated climate change actions in cities is the insufficient quantitative evaluation of the costs and funding schemes for adaptation and mitigation action implementation.

城市是能源消耗和温室气体排放的主要驱动力，而能源消耗和温室气体排放是人类中心气候变化的根源，同时也使人，建筑物和基础设施更加集中，因此集中了潜在的风险和影响。结果，规划城市地区的气候变化不仅提供了机会，而且还必须考虑缓解和适应行动之间的相互作用。但是，现有研究发现，只有少数城市地区在其气候行动计划中同时考虑了缓解和适应措施，即在885个欧洲城市的代表性样本中确定了147个气候变化行动计划（CCAP）。我们对这147个CCAP进行了调查，以了解适应和缓解的整合程度，并对这种联合方法的协同效应和共同效益的最大化产生了启示。通过使用发达的评分框架评估CCAP的集成水平，研究发现大多数计划都揭示了“中等”的集成水平。适度的整合是一项计划的特征，该计划确定排放源和气候变化的脆弱性，以及对协同作用的一些定性考虑，但缺乏系统地考虑潜在整合机会的计划。此外，