The development of highly active and durable catalysts for water oxidation under acidic conditions is necessary but challenging for renewable energy conversion. Ir-based catalysts are highly efficient for water oxidation in acid, but their large scale application is hindered by the high cost and scarcity of iridium. Herein, we use an amorphous WO₃ induced lattice distortion (AWILD) strategy to reduce the Ir content to only 2 wt% in the final material. The optimized hybrid nitrogen-doped carbon (NC)/WO₃/IrO₂ can efficiently catalyze water oxidation with a low overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² current density (η₁₀) and a high turnover frequency of over 2 s⁻¹ at 300 mV overpotential in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, a performance that surpasses that of commercial IrO₂ significantly. Introducing the layer of amorphous WO₃ between IrO₂ nanoparticles and NC can distort the lattice of IrO₂, exposing more highly active sites for water oxidation. The AWILD effect compensates for the lower Ir content and dramatically reduces the cost of the catalyst without sacrificing the catalytic activity. Additionally, this catalyst also exhibits high activity in acid for hydrogen evolution with only 65 mV of η₁₀ attributed to the AWILD effect, exhibiting efficient bifunctionality as a Janus catalyst for overall water splitting. The AWILD approach provides a novel and efficient strategy for low-cost and highly efficient electrocatalysts for acidic overall water splitting with an extremely low content of noble metals.

中文翻译：

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非晶态WO3引起的晶格畸变，用于低成本和高效的电催化剂，用于酸中的总水分解

开发用于酸性条件下水氧化的高活性和持久性催化剂是必要的，但对于可再生能源的转化却具有挑战性。铱基催化剂对于酸中的水氧化非常有效，但是铱的高成本和稀缺性阻碍了它们的大规模应用。在本文中，我们使用非晶态WO ₃诱导晶格畸变（AWILD）策略将最终材料中的Ir含量降低至仅2 wt％。优化的混合氮掺杂的碳（NC）/ WO ₃ /的IrO ₂可以有效地催化氧化水具有低的超电势270毫伏在10mA厘米^-2的电流密度（η ₁₀）并在2秒的高转换频率^{- 1个}在0.5 MH ₂ SO ₄中的300 mV超电势下，该性能大大超过了商用IrO ₂。在IrO ₂纳米粒子和NC之间引入无定形WO ₃层会扭曲IrO ₂的晶格，从而暴露出更多的高活性水氧化位点。AWILD效应补偿了较低的Ir含量，并在不牺牲催化活性的情况下大大降低了催化剂的成本。此外，该催化剂在酸中还表现出高活性，可释放出仅₁₀ mV的η10的氢。归因于AWILD效应，它表现出有效的双功能性，可作为Janus催化剂用于整体水分解。AWILD方法为低成本和高效的电催化剂提供了一种新颖而有效的策略，用于酸性总水分解以及极低的贵金属含量。