Over the past 1000 years New Zealand has lost 40-50% of its bird species, with over half of the extinctions attributed to predation by introduced mammals. Populations of many extant forest bird species continue to be depredated by mammals, especially rats, possums and mustelids. The management history of New Zealand's forests over the past fifty years presents a unique opportunity in which a varied and sustained programme of mammalian predator control has created a broad-scale replicated management experiment. We present here a meta-analysis of population-level responses of forest birds to different levels of mammal control recorded across the breadth of New Zealand. We collected data from 32 uniquely treated sites and 20 extant bird species representing a total of 247 population responses to three intensities of invasive mammal control (zero, low and high intensity). The treatments varied from eradication of invasive mammals via ground-based techniques, to periodic suppression of mammals via aerially-sown toxin. We modelled population-level responses of birds according to key life history attributes in order to understand the biological processes that influence species' responses to management. Larger endemic species, such as the Kaka and New Zealand Pigeon, regularly showed positive population-level responses to mammal control. We also identified one small species of shallow endemism (the Fantail), and four non-endemic species (the Blackbird, Chaffinch, Dunnock and Silvereye) that arrived in New Zealand in the last 200 years, that tend to decline in detections after mammal control. Our study suggests that large, deeply endemic forest birds, especially those that nest in cavities, are the species most at risk of further decline in the absence of mammal control, and conversely, reveals five species that apparently tolerate the presence of invasive mammals and whose populations may be sensitive to competition from larger endemic birds. Article impact statement: Management of introduced mammals across New Zealand has preferentially benefited large and endemic forest birds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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新西兰森林鸟类对引进哺乳动物管理的反应

在过去的 1000 年里，新西兰失去了 40-50% 的鸟类，其中超过一半的灭绝归因于引入的哺乳动物的捕食。许多现存的森林鸟类种群继续被哺乳动物捕食，尤其是老鼠、负鼠和鼬科动物。过去五十年新西兰森林的管理历史提供了一个独特的机会，其中多样化和持续的哺乳动物捕食者控制计划创造了一个大规模的复制管理实验。我们在此展示了森林鸟类对新西兰全境记录的不同哺乳动物控制水平的种群水平反应的荟萃分析。我们从 32 个经过独特处理的地点和 20 种现存鸟类中收集了数据，这些数据代表了对三种侵入性哺乳动物控制强度（零、低强度和高强度）。治疗方法多种多样，从通过地面技术消灭入侵哺乳动物，到通过空中播撒毒素定期抑制哺乳动物。我们根据关键的生活史属性对鸟类的种群水平反应进行建模，以了解影响物种对管理反应的生物过程。较大的地方性物种，如卡卡和新西兰鸽子，经常对哺乳动物控制表现出积极的种群水平反应。我们还确定了过去 200 年抵达新西兰的一种小型浅层特有物种（扇尾）和四种非特有物种（黑鸟、花雀、邓诺克和银眼），在哺乳动物控制后，它们的检测率趋于下降. 我们的研究表明，大型、深度地方性的森林鸟类，尤其是那些在洞穴中筑巢的鸟类，在没有哺乳动物控制的情况下，它们是最有可能进一步衰退的物种，相反，揭示了五种显然容忍入侵哺乳动物存在的物种，其种群可能对来自大型特有鸟类的竞争敏感。文章影响声明：管理新西兰引进的哺乳动物优先使大型和地方性森林鸟类受益。本文受版权保护。版权所有。本文受版权保护。版权所有。本文受版权保护。版权所有。