Understanding the trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and agricultural production has become a fundamental question in sustainability science. Substantial research has focused on how species' populations respond to agricultural intensification, with the goal to understand whether conservation policies that spatially separate agriculture and conservation or, alternatively, integrate the two are more beneficial. Spatial heterogeneity in both species abundance and agricultural productivity have been largely left out of this discussion, although these patterns are ubiquitous from local to global scales due to varying land capacity. Here, we address the question of how to align agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in heterogeneous landscapes. Using model simulations of species abundance and agricultural yields, we show that trade-offs between agricultural production and species' abundance can be reduced by minimizing the cost (in terms of species abundance) of agricultural production. We find that when species' abundance and agricultural yields vary across landscapes, the optimal strategy to minimize trade-offs is rarely pure land sparing or land sharing. Instead, landscapes that combine elements of both strategies are optimal. Additionally, we show how the reference population of a species is defined has important influences on optimization results. Our findings suggest that in the real world, understanding the impact of heterogeneous land capacity on biodiversity and agricultural production is crucial to designing multi-use landscapes that jointly maximize conservation and agricultural benefits.

中文翻译：

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使生物多样性保护和农业生产在异质景观中保持一致。

了解生物多样性保护与农业生产之间的权衡已成为可持续性科学中的一个基本问题。大量的研究集中在物种种群对农业集约化的反应上，目的是了解将农业和自然保护区分开来或将两者结合的保护政策是否更有益。尽管由于土地容量的变化，这些模式在本地到全球范围内无处不在，但物种丰富度和农业生产力的空间异质性在很大程度上没有被讨论。在这里，我们解决了如何在异质景观中协调农业生产和生物多样性保护的问题。使用物种丰富度和农业产量的模型模拟，我们表明，通过最小化农业生产成本（就物种丰富度而言），可以减少农业生产与物种丰富度之间的权衡。我们发现，当物种的丰度和农业产量在不同地域之间变化时，使权衡最小化的最佳策略很少是保留纯净土地或共享土地。相反，结合了这两种策略要素的景观是最佳的。此外，我们展示了如何定义物种的参考种群对优化结果具有重要影响。我们的发现表明，在现实世界中，了解异类土地容量对生物多样性和农业生产的影响对于设计共同利用最大化保护和农业利益的多用途景观至关重要。