In this paper we present a broad overview of the last 40 years of research on cognitive architectures. To date, the number of existing architectures has reached several hundred, but most of the existing surveys do not reflect this growth and instead focus on a handful of well-established architectures. In this survey we aim to provide a more inclusive and high-level overview of the research on cognitive architectures. Our final set of 84 architectures includes 49 that are still actively developed, and borrow from a diverse set of disciplines, spanning areas from psychoanalysis to neuroscience. To keep the length of this paper within reasonable limits we discuss only the core cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention mechanisms, action selection, memory, learning, reasoning and metareasoning. In order to assess the breadth of practical applications of cognitive architectures we present information on over 900 practical projects implemented using the cognitive architectures in our list. We use various visualization techniques to highlight the overall trends in the development of the field. In addition to summarizing the current state-of-the-art in the cognitive architecture research, this survey describes a variety of methods and ideas that have been tried and their relative success in modeling human cognitive abilities, as well as which aspects of cognitive behavior need more research with respect to their mechanistic counterparts and thus can further inform how cognitive science might progress.

中文翻译：

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认知架构40年：核心认知能力与实际应用

在本文中，我们对过去 40 年的认知架构研究进行了广泛的概述。迄今为止，现有架构的数量已达到数百个，但大多数现有调查并未反映这种增长，而是集中在少数完善的架构上。在本次调查中，我们旨在对认知架构的研究提供更具包容性和更高层次的概述。我们的最终 84 个架构包括 49 个仍在积极开发中，并借鉴了从精神分析到神经科学等不同学科的知识。为了使本文的篇幅保持在合理范围内，我们仅讨论核心认知能力，例如感知、注意机制、动作选择、记忆、学习、推理和元推理。为了评估认知架构实际应用的广度，我们提供了使用我们列表中的认知架构实施的 900 多个实际项目的信息。我们使用各种可视化技术来突出该领域发展的整体趋势。除了总结当前认知架构研究的最新技术外，本次调查还描述了各种已经尝试过的方法和想法，以及它们在建模人类认知能力方面的相对成功，以及认知行为的哪些方面需要对其机械对应物进行更多研究，从而可以进一步了解认知科学可能会如何发展。