The structural integrity of the cornea and transparency are critical for normal vision. Corneal evaluation in ophthalmology and clinical research requires fast and user-friendly techniques allowing accurate diagnoses and follow-up of pathologies, injuries or surgery. Macroscopic irregularities in the anterior corneal surface are the main cause of irregular refractive vision problems. The microscopic and nanoscopic irregularities within the three-dimensional architecture of cornea are the cause of loss of optical transparency and scattering. In this review, the state of the art of the different corneal imaging techniques with three-dimensional capabilities will be detailed and discussed according to the descriptive level of analysis: macroscopic, microscopic and nanoscopic scales.

中文翻译：

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角膜成像技术的最新进展：从宏观到纳米结构

角膜的结构完整性和透明度对于正常视力至关重要。眼科和临床研究中的角膜评估需要快速且用户友好的技术，以对病理，受伤或手术进行准确的诊断和随访。角膜前表面的宏观不规则是不规则屈光视力问题的主要原因。角膜三维结构内的微观和纳米不规则性是光学透明性和散射损失的原因。在这篇综述中，将根据描述性的分析级别（宏观，微观和纳米尺度）详细讨论具有三维能力的不同角膜成像技术的发展水平。