We investigate how a combination of the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measure and product differentiation affects beef trade and the consequences for the United States (US)–European Union (EU) hormone‐treated beef trade dispute. We develop a partial equilibrium model to represent the global beef markets and product differentiation between non‐hormone‐treated beef, hormone‐treated beef, and other beef. The results show that removing the SPS measure increases EU hormone‐treated beef imports from the US and Canada and decrease beef consumption. In addition, EU hormone‐treated beef consumption and imports can be related to a few key indicators of product differentiation. The framework we develop can estimate EU hormone‐treated beef consumption and imports based on a minimum of parameters relating to product differentiation, thereby providing useful applied economic analysis of a key trade measure.

中文翻译：

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非关税措施和产品差异化：从美国和加拿大到欧盟的激素处理牛肉贸易

我们调查了卫生和植物检疫（SPS）措施以及产品差异的组合如何影响牛肉贸易以及对美国（US）-欧盟（EU）激素处理的牛肉贸易争端的后果。我们建立了一个局部均衡模型，以代表全球牛肉市场以及未经激素处理的牛肉，经过激素处理的牛肉和其他牛肉之间的产品差异。结果表明，取消SPS措施增加了从美国和加拿大进口经过欧盟荷尔蒙处理的牛肉，并减少了牛肉的消费。此外，欧盟用激素处理的牛肉的消费和进口可能与产品差异化的一些关键指标有关。我们开发的框架可以根据与产品差异化相关的最低限度的参数估算欧盟用激素处理的牛肉的消费量和进口量，