Graphite and lithium metal are two classic anode materials and their composite has shown promising performance for rechargeable batteries. However, it is generally accepted that Li metal wets graphite poorly, causing its spreading and infiltration difficult. Here we show that graphite can either appear superlithiophilic or lithiophobic, depending on the local redox potential. By comparing the wetting performance of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, porous carbon paper (PCP), lithiated PCP and graphite powder, we demonstrate that the surface contaminants that pin the contact-line motion and cause contact-angle hysteresis have their own electrochemical-stability windows. The surface contaminants can be either removed or reinforced in a time-dependent manner, depending on whether the reducing agents (C₆→LiC₆) or the oxidizing agents (air, moisture) dominate in the ambient environment, leading to bifurcating dynamics of either superfast or superslow wetting. Our findings enable new fabrication technology for Li–graphite composite with a controllable Li-metal/graphite ratio and present great promise for the mass production of Li-based anodes for use in high-energy-density batteries.

中文翻译：

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石墨是疏锂的还是亲石的？

石墨和锂金属是两种经典的负极材料，它们的复合材料已显示出可充电电池的良好性能。然而，人们普遍认为锂金属对石墨的润湿性很差，导致其扩散和渗透困难。在这里，我们表明石墨可以出现超亲锂或疏锂，这取决于局部氧化还原电位。通过比较高度有序的热解石墨、多孔碳纸 (PCP)、锂化 PCP 和石墨粉的润湿性能，我们证明了固定接触线运动并导致接触角滞后的表面污染物具有自己的电化学稳定性窗口. 取决于还原剂 (C ₆ →LiC₆ ) 或氧化剂（空气、水分）在周围环境中占主导地位，导致超快或超慢润湿的分叉动力学。我们的发现为具有可控锂金属/石墨比例的锂-石墨复合材料提供了新的制造技术，并为用于高能量密度电池的锂基负极的大规模生产提供了广阔的前景。